Psychology 2700 Exam 2 Chapter 5

Front 1

Sensation

Back 1

processing of basic info from external world by the sensory receptors in the sense organs (eyes, ears, skin, etc.) and brain

Front 2

Perception

Back 2

process of organizing and interpreting sensory info

Front 3

True or False: Humans rely more heavily on vision than most species do: roughly 40 to 50% of our mature cerebral cortex is involved in visual processing

Back 3

True

Front 4

Preferential-looking technique

Back 4

different visual stimuli typically displayed on two side-by-side screens. If an infant looks longer at one of the two stimuli, the researcher can infer that the baby is able to discriminate between them and has a preference for one over the other.

Front 5

Habituation

Back 5

repeatedly presenting an infant with a given stimulus until the infants response to it declines

Front 6

Visual Acuity

Back 6

how clearly they can see

Front 7

Contrast sensitivity

Back 7

detect a pattern only when it is composed of highly contrasting elements

Front 8

Cones

Back 8

light sensitive neurons that are highly concentrated in the fovea and are involved in seeing fine detail and color

Front 9

True or False: For the first month, young infants do not see much color but by 2 or 3 months of age, infants color vision is similar to that of adults.

Back 9

True

Front 10

True or False: A one month old would look primarily at the outer contour of the face and head, with a few fixations of the eyes.

Back 10

True

Front 11

Perceptual constancy

Back 11

When another person approaches or moves away from us, our retinal image of the person changes in size and shape but we do not have the impression that the person gets larger or smaller

Front 12

Object segregation

Back 12

identification of separate objects in a visual array

Front 13

Infants were shown a box with a rod behind it. What caused the infants to assume that the two rod segments they could see were a unitary object?

Back 13

common movement (the fact that the two segments always moved together in the same direction and at the same speed)

Front 14

True or False. It does not matter if the two parts of the object moving behind the block differ in color, texture, and shape, nor does it make much difference how they move. For infants, it is common movement that conveys oneness.

Back 14

True

Front 15

Optical expansion

Back 15

visual image of an object increase in size as the object gets closer to us

Front 16

Monocular or pictoral cues

Back 16

- perceptual cues that can be perceived by one eye alone

- interposition: nearer objects occlude ones farther away

- convergence of lines

- relative size

Front 17

Binocular disparity

Back 17

eyes never send quite the same signal to the brain (closer to object we are, the greater the disparity)

Front 18

Stereopsis

Back 18

process by which visual cortex combines differing neural signals caused by binocular disparity, resulting in the perception of depth

Front 19

Auditory localization

Back 19

- when they hear a sound, newborns tend to turn toward it

Front 20

True or False: Infants pay more attention to a consonant version of a piece of music than a dissonant one

Back 20

True

Front 21

Infants perception of memory relies primarily on __________ hemisphere processing just as it does in most adults

Back 21

right

Front 22

Newborns prefer the smell of ...

Back 22

their mother (and her breast milk)

Front 23

What sense of touch dominates for the first few months of life

Back 23

oral exploration

Front 24

Intermodal perception

Back 24

combining of information from two or more sensory systems

Front 25

Infants shown a picture of the pacifier that had been in their mouth and a picture of a novel pacifier of a different shape or texture. Which did the infants look longer at?

Back 25

the pacifier they had sucked on

Front 26

Two computer screens display different films, one of which is coordinated with a soundtrack. Which did the infants respond more to?

Back 26

the film that matched the sounds they were hearing

Front 27

Reflexes

Back 27

Innate, fixed patterns of action that occur in response to particular stimulation

Front 28

Grasping reflex

Back 28

newborns close their fingers around anything that presses against the palm of their hand

Front 29

Rooting reflex

Back 29

turning their head in the direction of the touch and opening their mouth

Front 30

True or False. These reflexes are not fully automatic. For example, a rooting reflex is more likely to occur when an infant is hungry.

Back 30

True.

Front 31

Tonic neck reflex

Back 31

when an infants head turns or is turned to one side, the arm on that side of the body extends, while the arm and knee on the other side flex

Front 32

Stepping reflex

Back 32

if you hold a newborn under the arms so that his or her feet touch a surface, the baby will reflexively perform stepping motions

Front 33

Preaching movements

Back 33

clumsy swiping toward the general vicinity of objects they see

Front 34

Self locomotion

Back 34

moving around in the environment on their own (8 months)

Front 35

Infants first success at moving forward under their own power typically takes the form of ___________________.

Back 35

crawling

Front 36

There has been a recent secular change in motor development. Many babies have simply gone form sitting to walking. Why?

Back 36

Can be traced back to the campaign to put their babies to sleep on their backs

Front 37

True or False: 6 to 14 month old infants would readily cross the shallow side of the visual cliff but would not cross the deep side even when a parent was beckoning to them to come across it.

Back 37

True

Front 38

Scale errors

Back 38

try to do something with a miniature replica object that is too small for object (try to get into a small toy car)

Front 39

Differentiation

Back 39

extracting from the events in the environment those elements that are invariant, that remain stable

Front 40

Affordances

Back 40

possibilities for action offered by objects and situations (ex. small objects not large ones can be picked up, liquid can be poured and spilled, etc.)

Front 41

Classical conditioning

Back 41

associating initially neutral stimulus with a stimulus that always evokes a particular reflexive response

Front 42

Instrumental conditioning (or operant conditioning)

Back 42

Learning relation between a behavior and the reward/punishment it results in

Front 43

When 18 month olds see a person apparently try, but fail, to pull the ends off a dumbbell, what do they imitate?

Back 43

They imitate pulling the ends off--the action the person intended to do, not what the person actually did

Front 44

True or False: Infants attempt to reproduce the behavior and intentions of other people, but not of inanimate objects

Back 44

True

Front 45

When young infants are shown an attractive object and the room is then plunged into darkness, causing the object to disappear from view, most babies reach to where they last saw the object, indicating that they expect it to still be there. What principle does this violate?

Back 45

Object permanence

Front 46

Violation-of-expectancy

Back 46

If infants observe an event that violates something they know about the world they will be surprised or at least interested

Front 47

Do infants look longer at the possible or impossible event?

Back 47

impossible event

Front 48

Infants were habituated to a hand repeatedly reaching for a ball on one side of a display. Would infants look longer if the hand reached for the ball in a different position or a different object in the position the ball used to be?

Back 48

They look longer if the hand reaches for a different object

Front 49

True or False: Infants expect adults to search where he or she should believe the toy to be, rather than in the location where the infant knows it actually is.

Back 49

True