Psychology 2700 Exam 2 Chapter 6

Front 1

Symbols

Back 1

system for representing our thoughts, feelings, and knowledge, and for communicating them to other people

Front 2

Langauge comprehension

Back 2

understanding what others say

Front 3

Language production

Back 3

actually speaking to others

Front 4

Which comes first, language production or language comprehension?

Back 4

Language comprehension

Front 5

Generativity

Back 5

using the finite set of words in our vocabulary we can generate an infinite number of sentences, expressing an infinite number of ideas

Front 6

Phonemes

Back 6

elementary units of sound used to produce sounds (ex. rake differs by only one phoneme from lake - /r/ versus /l/)

Front 7

Phonological development

Back 7

first step in children's language learning is mastery of sound system of their language

Front 8

Morphemes

Back 8

smallest unit of meaning, composed of one or more phoneme

Front 9

Semantic development

Back 9

Second component of language learning which is learning the system for expressing meaning in a language

Front 10

Syntax

Back 10

rules that specific how words from different categories (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.) can be combined

Front 11

Syntactic development

Back 11

third component in language learning which is learning the syntax of a language

Front 12

Pragmatic development

Back 12

acquiring knowledge about how a language is used

Front 13

metalinguistic knowledge

Back 13

understanding of the properties and function of language

Front 14

Learning to comprehend and produce language involves phonological, semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic development, as well as metalinguistic knowledge about language. Which of those is involved in learning a sign language?

Back 14

The same factors are involved in learning a sign language

Front 15

Give examples of primates that became famous for their ability to communicate with their human trainers and caretakers by manual signs.

Back 15

1. Washoe (chimpanzee)

2. Koko (gorilla)

3. Kanzi (ape)

4. Panbanisha (ape)

Front 16

For the 90% of people who are right handed, language is primarily represented and controlled by the ___________ hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.

Back 16

right-handed

Front 17

Brocas aphasia

Back 17

damage to left hemisphere (broca's area). difficulty producing speech

Front 18

Wernicke's aphasia

Back 18

damage to area next to auditory cortex (wernicke's area). no trouble producing speech but what they say doesn't make sense because they don't have language comprehension

Front 19

Victor the "Wild Child"

Back 19

found around 12 years old in wild and after extensive training he never learned more than a few words

Front 20

Genie the "Wild Child"

Back 20

parents kept her tied up and locked alone in a room, rescued at age 13. Her language ability never developed much beyond the level of a toddlers

Front 21

True or False: the most proficient were those who had begin learning a language before the age of 7.

Back 21

True

Front 22

True or False: Adults who learned a second language at 1 to 3 years of age show the normal pattern of greater activity in the left hemisphere during a test of grammatical knowledge. Those who learned the language later show less localized activity including more right hemisphere activity

Back 22

True

Front 23

"Less is more" account

Back 23

perceptual and memory limitations cause young children to extract and store smaller chunks of the language they hear than adults do which makes the task of analyzing and learning language easier

Front 24

True or False: Infants apparently identify speech as something important very early: infants 2 months of age pay attention longer to speech sounds than to nonspeech

Back 24

True

Front 25

Infant-directed talk (IDT)

Back 25

- distinctive way we talk to babies

- not used in all cultures

- speech suffused with affection

- exaggeration

- intonational qualities are used by mothers to signal approval and disapproval across languages

Front 26

Is a child more likely to play with a toy when her mother says yes in a disapproving tone or no in an encouraging tone?

Back 26

No in an encouraging tone

Front 27

True or False: Infants learn new words better whether in their native language or in a foreign one, when the words are presented in IDT

Back 27

True

Front 28

What are the two basic necessities for acquiring language that infants are equipped with?

Back 28

Human brain and human environment

Front 29

Prosody

Back 29

characteristic rhythm, tempo, cadence, melody, and intonational patterns with which a language is spoke (ex. highly expressive speech of British speakers with relatively flat speech of Americans)

Front 30

Categorical perception

Back 30

perception of speech sounds belonging to discrete categories

Front 31

Voice onset time (VOT)

Back 31

length of time between when air passes through lips and when vocal cords start vibrating

Front 32

True: All sounds in this continuum that have a VOT of less than 25 ms are perceived as /b/ and all those that have a VOT greater than 25 ms are perceived as /p/

Back 32

True

Front 33

True or False: Experiment. Two groups, both of which differed by equal amounts of VOT. However, the infants rate of sucking increased when the new sound came from a different phonemic category

Back 33

True

Front 34

True or False: Infants can distinguish between phonemic contrasts made in all languages of the world, while adults can only perceive ones that are important in their native language.

Back 34

True

Front 35

In English the _________ syllable in two-syllable words is much more often stressed, therefore infants attend longer to lists of words that follow this pattern.

Back 35

first

Front 36

distributional properties

Back 36

certain sounds are more likely to appear together than are others

Front 37

cocktail party effect

Back 37

tending selectively to the sound of their own name among a stream of speech sounds they are hearing

Front 38

When does babbling occur?

Back 38

around 7 months

Front 39

How do babies with deaf parents babble?

Back 39

They engage in silent babbling with hand movements that resemble adult sign

Front 40

What is the first indication of communicative competence?

Back 40

Turn-taking

Front 41

Reference

Back 41

starting to associate words with meaning

Front 42

Productive vocabulary

Back 42

words a child is able to say

Front 43

_________ predominate in the early productive vocabularies of children learning English

Back 43

Nouns

Front 44

Holophrastic period

Back 44

expresses a whole phrase with a single

Front 45

Overextension

Back 45

Using a given word in a broader context than is appropriate as when children use dog for any four-legged animal

Front 46

-On average, American children say their first word around ______________.

-Experience a vocabulary spurt around ______________.

-Begin to produce simple sentences at around ______________.

Back 46

- 13 months

- 19 months

- 24 months

Front 47

Fast mapping

Back 47

process of rapidly learning a new word simply from hearing the contrastive use of a familiar word and the unfamiliar word (asked the child to get "the chromium tray, not the red one")

Front 48

Children expect that a given entity will have only one name. What is this principle called?

Back 48

Mutual Exclusivity

Front 49

Whole object assumption

Back 49

A novel word refers to a whole object rather than a part of it

Front 50

Pragmatic cues

Back 50

social context in which language is used

Front 51

True or False: "Let's dax Mickey Mouse" One experimenter carried out a coordinated and apparently intentional action followed by a pleased comment ("There!") and the other carried out in a clumsy and apparently accidental way, followed by an exclamation of surprise ("Oops"). The children interpreted the novel verb dax as referring to the action the adult seemed to have intended to do

Back 51

True

Front 52

If an adult labels an object in a way that conflicts with their knowledge of that object, how will the infant label the object (in the way that he knows or in the way the adult labeled it)?

Back 52

In the way the adult labeled it

Front 53

Syntactic bootstrapping

Back 53

using grammatical sentences of whole sentences to figure out meaning

Front 54

When do most children form their first sentences?

Back 54

End of their second year

Front 55

Telegraphic speech

Back 55

children's first sentences are generally two word utterances ("more juice" or "drink juice")

Front 56

Overregularization errors

Back 56

treat irregular forms as if they were regular (ex. mans, goes, foots, broked)

Front 57

True or False: Parents correct statements that are factually incorrect but ignore even wildly ungrammatical mistakes.

Back 57

True

Front 58

Collective monologues

Back 58

conversation between children that involves a series of non sequesters, with the content of each child having little or nothing to do with what the other child just said

Front 59

Narratives

Back 59

Descriptions of past events that form a story (children don't produce these until around age 5)

Front 60

Noam Chomsky would be more closely identified with _____________ views

Back 60

nativist

Front 61

Universal grammar

Back 61

a set of highly abstract, unconscious rules that are common to all languages

Front 62

Modularity hypothesis

Back 62

human brain contains an innate, self-contained language module that is separate from other aspects of cognitive functioning

Front 63

What is the strongest support for the modularity hypothesis?

Back 63

Nicaraguan deaf children invented their own pidgin sign language

Front 64

Interactionist Views

Back 64

- maintain virtually everything about language is influenced by its communicative function

- language basically a social skill

Front 65

Connectionist Views

Back 65

Language development is based on general purpose learning mechanisms

Front 66

Connectionism

Back 66

Type of information processing theory that emphasizes the simultaneous activity of numerous interconnected processing units

Front 67

Dual Representation

Back 67

object must be represented as a real object and as a symbol for something other than itself (ex. a map)

Front 68

The most common subject for young children to draw is _________________

Back 68

the human figure