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461 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the smallest possible strength of a stimulus that can be detected half the time
|
absolute threshold |
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method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a form based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities |
empirical method |
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who was the first American psychologist? |
William James |
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who was the first person to be referred to as a psychologist? |
Wilhelm Wundt |
|
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the process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible; who established this process? |
introspection; Wilhelm Wundt |
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the attempt to understand the structure or characteristics of the mind; who established this process? |
structuralism; Wilhelm Wundt |
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structure in the limbic system involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories |
amygdala |
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view that psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems |
biological perspective |
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surface of the brain that is associated with our highest mental capabilities |
cerebral cortex |
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region in the left hemisphere that is essential for language production
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Broca's area
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hindbrain structure that controls our balance, coordination, movement, motor skills; it is thought to be important in processing some types of memory
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cerebellum |
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thick band of neural fibers connecting the brain's two hemispheres
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corpus callosum
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branch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons |
dendrite
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allele whose phenotype will be expressed in an individual that possesses that allele
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dominant allele
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activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, allowing access to energy reserves and heightened sensory capacity so that we might fight off a given threat or run away to safety
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fight or flight response
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largest part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and the limbic system, among other structures
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forebrain
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part of the cerebral cortex involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language; contains motor cortex |
frontal lobe
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nervous system cell that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport
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glial cell
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division of the brain containing the medulla, pons, and cerebellum |
hindbrain
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structure in the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory
|
hippocampus |
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forebrain structure that regulates sexual motivation and behavior and a number of homeostatic processes; serves as an interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system |
hypothalamus |
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collection of structures involved in processing emotion and memory |
limbic system
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hindbrain structure that controls automated processes like breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate |
medulla |
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division of the brain located between the forebrain and the hindbrain; contains the reticular formation |
midbrain |
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strip of cortex involved in planning and coordinating movement |
motor cortex |
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fatty substance that insulates axons |
myelin sheath |
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chemical messenger of the nervous system |
neurotransmitter |
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part of the cerebral cortex associated with visual processing; contains the primary visual cortex |
occipital lobe |
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associated with routine, day-to-day operations of the body |
parasympathetic nervous system |
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part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing various sensory and perceptual information; contains the primary somatosensory cortex |
parietal lobe |
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hindbrain structure that connects the brain and spinal cord; involved in regulating brain activity during sleep
|
pons |
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area in the frontal lobe responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning |
prefrontal cortex |
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drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance |
psychotropic medication |
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asserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall |
range of reaction |
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the state of readiness of a neuron membrane's potential between signals |
resting potential |
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midbrain structure important in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, arousal, alertness, and motor activity |
reticular formation |
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relays sensory and motor information to and from the CNS |
somatic nervous system |
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essential for processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain |
somatosensory cortex |
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involved in stress-related activities and functions |
sympathetic nervous system |
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small gap between two neurons where communication occurs |
synapse
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part of cerebral cortex associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language; contains primary auditory cortex |
temporal lobe
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sensory relay for the brain |
thalamus |
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level of charge in the membrane that causes the neuron to become active |
threshold of excitement |
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endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin |
pineal gland |
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state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect |
tolerance |
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variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued |
withdrawal |
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field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts |
Gestalt psychology |
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amount of difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli |
just noticeable difference |
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perception of the body's movement through space |
kinesthesia |
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way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced |
perception |
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what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor |
sensation |
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not perceiving stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time |
sensory adaptation |
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message presented below the threshold of conscious awareness |
subliminal message |
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interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts |
top-down processing |
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conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential |
transduction |
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contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture |
vestibular sense |
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where are the vestibular (balance and body posture) system's major sensory organs located? |
next to the cochlea in the inner ear |
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who discovered classical conditioning? |
Ivan Pavlov; therefore, it is also known as Pavlovian conditioning |
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conditioning in which an unconditioned stimulus (such as food) is paired with a neutral stimulus (such as a bell). The neutral stimulus eventually becomes the conditioned stimulus, which brings about the conditioned response (salivation). |
classical conditioning |
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conditioning in which the stimulus occurs immediately before the response |
classical conditioning |
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conditioning in which the target behavior is followed by reinforcement or punishment to either strengthen or weaken it, so that the learner is more likely to exhibit the desired behavior in the future |
operant conditioning |
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conditioning in which the stimulus (either reinforcement or punishment) occurs soon after the response |
operant conditioning |
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form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning) |
associative learning |
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period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response |
acquisition |
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response caused by the conditioned stimulus |
conditioned response |
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stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
conditioned stimulus |
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decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus |
extinction |
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learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it |
latent learning |
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behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discontinued |
law of effect |
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change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience |
learning |
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taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior |
negative punishment |
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taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior |
negative reinforcement |
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stimulus that does not initially elicit a response |
neutral stimulus |
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type of learning that occurs by watching others |
observational learning |
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adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior |
positive punishment |
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adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior |
positive reinforcement |
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implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior |
punishment |
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implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior |
reinforcement |
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ability to respond differently to similar stimuli |
stimulus discrimination |
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demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus |
stimulus generalization |
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natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus |
unconditioned response |
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stimulus that elicits a reflexive response |
unconditioned stimulus |
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process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior |
vicarious punishment |
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process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior |
vicarious reinforcement |
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memories that are not part of our consciousness |
implicit memory |
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memories we consciously try to remember and recall |
explicit memory |
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type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory |
episodic memory |
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exceptionally clear recollection of an important event |
flashbulb memory |
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memory aids that help organize our information for encoding |
mnemonic device |
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accessing information without cues |
recall |
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input of words and their meaning |
semantic encoding |
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type of declarative memory about words, concepts, language-based knowledge, and facts |
semantic memory |
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memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time |
transience |
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type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, drive your car, and swim |
procedural memory |
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inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended |
functional fixedness |
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observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation |
Flynn effect |
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belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't |
hindsight bias |
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thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory |
cognition |
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who developed the IQ test most widely used today? |
David Wechsler |
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which theorist put forth the multiple intelligences theory, which poses that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence? |
Howard Gardner |
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who helped to develop intelligence testing? |
Alfred Binet |
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what psychologist believed intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g, which could be measured and compared among individuals? |
Charles Spearman |
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who standardized (established an average score for each age set) the IQ test developed by Alfred Binet? |
Louis Terman |
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who narrowed down Allport's traits to a list of 171 traits and identified 16 factors of personality? |
Raymond Cattell |
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|
While biopsychology focuses on the immediate cause of behavior, blank seeks the ultimate cause-a behavior is impacted by genetics, and behavior will show adaptation to its surroundings |
Evolutionary psychology |
|
|
Method of research using past records |
Archival research |
|
|
Applies psychology to issues in the justice system |
Forensic psychology |
|
|
What are the three stages of sensation? |
1. Sensation 2. Perception 3. Transduction |
|
|
Who discovered the just noticeable difference (JND)? |
Ernst Weber |
|
|
What psychologists studied attention? |
Simons and Chabris |
|
|
Not noticing something because of lack of attention |
Inattentional blindness |
|
|
to identify stimulus embedded in background noise (theory created for air traffic controllers) |
Signal detection theory |
|
|
Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see |
Visible spectrum |
|
|
The optic nerves merge below the brain at the what? |
Optic chiasm |
|
|
When a cell is polarized it is? |
At rest |
|
|
Focuses on studying cognitions or thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and actions |
Cognitive psychology |
|
|
When a cell is depolarized it is? |
Positive or active |
|
|
If the sum of the graded potentials reaches a threshold there will be an action potential; if the threshold isn't reached, no action potential will occur (law) |
All or none law |
|
|
Schwann cell |
Parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
What was William James's perspective? |
Functionalism |
|
|
What was Wilhelm Wundt's perspectives? |
Structuralism and introspection |
|
|
What was Ivan Pavlov's perspective? |
Behaviorism |
|
|
The father of behaviorism |
John B. Watson |
|
|
Behaviorist; mouse operant conditioning chamber |
B. F. Skinner |
|
|
Humanist; hierarchy of needs |
Abraham Maslow |
|
|
Humanist; potential for good in people |
Carl Rogers |
|
|
Study of development across a lifespan |
Developmental psychology |
|
|
The role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior |
Psychoanalytic theory |
|
|
Understanding the conscious experience through introspection |
Structuralism |
|
|
How mental activities help an organism adapt to its environment |
Functionalism |
|
|
Reviews proposals for research involving human participants |
Institutional review board (IRB) |
|
|
Focuses on changes that occurred through reaching adulthood |
Early developmental psychology |
|
|
Demonstrates that very young children do not understand that physical things continue to exist even if we can't see them |
Object permanence |
|
|
Focuses on patterns of thought and behaviors that make each person unique |
Personality psyhology |
|
|
Who theorized that personality arose as conflicts between conscious and unconscious were carried out over a lifespan? |
Sigmund Freud |
|
|
Psychosexual stages of development |
Sigmund Freud |
|
|
Focuses on how we act and relate to others; research on how we explain our own behavior, the behaviors of others, prejudice, attraction, and how we resolve conflict |
Social psychology |
|
|
Whose study showed just how far people will go in obeying orders from an authority figure? |
Stanley Milgram |
|
|
While biopsychology focuses on the immediate cause of behavior, blank seeks the ultimate cause-a behavior is impacted by genetics, and behavior will show adaptation to its surroundings |
Evolutionary psychology |
|
|
Method of research using past records |
Archival research |
|
|
Applies psychology to issues in the justice system |
Forensic psychology |
|
|
What are the three stages of sensation? |
1. Sensation 2. Perception 3. Transduction |
|
|
Who discovered the just noticeable difference (JND)? |
Ernst Weber |
|
|
What psychologists studied attention? |
Simons and Chabris |
|
|
Not noticing something because of lack of attention |
Inattentional blindness |
|
|
to identify stimulus embedded in background noise (theory created for air traffic controllers) |
Signal detection theory |
|
|
Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see |
Visible spectrum |
|
|
The optic nerves merge below the brain at the what? |
Optic chiasm |
|
|
When a cell is polarized it is? |
At rest |
|
|
Focuses on studying cognitions or thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and actions |
Cognitive psychology |
|
|
When a cell is depolarized it is? |
Positive or active |
|
|
If the sum of the graded potentials reaches a threshold there will be an action potential; if the threshold isn't reached, no action potential will occur (law) |
All or none law |
|
|
Schwann cell |
Parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
What was William James's perspective? |
Functionalism |
|
|
What was Wilhelm Wundt's perspectives? |
Structuralism and introspection |
|
|
What was Ivan Pavlov's perspective? |
Behaviorism |
|
|
The father of behaviorism |
John B. Watson |
|
|
Behaviorist; mouse operant conditioning chamber |
B. F. Skinner |
|
|
Humanist; hierarchy of needs |
Abraham Maslow |
|
|
Humanist; potential for good in people |
Carl Rogers |
|
|
Study of development across a lifespan |
Developmental psychology |
|
|
The role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior |
Psychoanalytic theory |
|
|
Understanding the conscious experience through introspection |
Structuralism |
|
|
How mental activities help an organism adapt to its environment |
Functionalism |
|
|
Reviews proposals for research involving human participants |
Institutional review board (IRB) |
|
|
The degree to which a function, such as understanding speech, is controlled by one of rather than both cerebral hemispheres |
Lateralization of function |
|
|
Focuses on changes that occurred through reaching adulthood |
Early developmental psychology |
|
|
Demonstrates that very young children do not understand that physical things continue to exist even if we can't see them |
Object permanence |
|
|
Focuses on patterns of thought and behaviors that make each person unique |
Personality psyhology |
|
|
Who theorized that personality arose as conflicts between conscious and unconscious were carried out over a lifespan? |
Sigmund Freud |
|
|
Psychosexual stages of development |
Sigmund Freud |
|
|
Focuses on how we act and relate to others; research on how we explain our own behavior, the behaviors of others, prejudice, attraction, and how we resolve conflict |
Social psychology |
|
|
Whose study showed just how far people will go in obeying orders from an authority figure? |
Stanley Milgram |
|
|
While biopsychology focuses on the immediate cause of behavior, blank seeks the ultimate cause-a behavior is impacted by genetics, and behavior will show adaptation to its surroundings |
Evolutionary psychology |
|
|
Method of research using past records |
Archival research |
|
|
Applies psychology to issues in the justice system |
Forensic psychology |
|
|
What are the three stages of sensation? |
1. Sensation 2. Perception 3. Transduction |
|
|
Who discovered the just noticeable difference (JND)? |
Ernst Weber |
|
|
What psychologists studied attention? |
Simons and Chabris |
|
|
Not noticing something because of lack of attention |
Inattentional blindness |
|
|
to identify stimulus embedded in background noise (theory created for air traffic controllers) |
Signal detection theory |
|
|
Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see |
Visible spectrum |
|
|
The optic nerves merge below the brain at the what? |
Optic chiasm |
|
|
When a cell is polarized it is? |
At rest |
|
|
Focuses on studying cognitions or thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and actions |
Cognitive psychology |
|
|
When a cell is depolarized it is? |
Positive or active |
|
|
If the sum of the graded potentials reaches a threshold there will be an action potential; if the threshold isn't reached, no action potential will occur (law) |
All or none law |
|
|
Schwann cell |
Parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
What was William James's perspective? |
Functionalism |
|
|
What was Wilhelm Wundt's perspectives? |
Structuralism and introspection |
|
|
What was Ivan Pavlov's perspective? |
Behaviorism |
|
|
The father of behaviorism |
John B. Watson |
|
|
Behaviorist; mouse operant conditioning chamber |
B. F. Skinner |
|
|
Humanist; hierarchy of needs |
Abraham Maslow |
|
|
Humanist; potential for good in people |
Carl Rogers |
|
|
Study of development across a lifespan |
Developmental psychology |
|
|
The role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior |
Psychoanalytic theory |
|
|
Understanding the conscious experience through introspection |
Structuralism |
|
|
How mental activities help an organism adapt to its environment |
Functionalism |
|
|
Reviews proposals for research involving human participants |
Institutional review board (IRB) |
|
|
The degree to which a function, such as understanding speech, is controlled by one of rather than both cerebral hemispheres |
Lateralization of function |
|
|
Neurogenesis |
Adult brains can produce new brain cells |
|
|
Focuses on changes that occurred through reaching adulthood |
Early developmental psychology |
|
|
Demonstrates that very young children do not understand that physical things continue to exist even if we can't see them |
Object permanence |
|
|
Focuses on patterns of thought and behaviors that make each person unique |
Personality psyhology |
|
|
Who theorized that personality arose as conflicts between conscious and unconscious were carried out over a lifespan? |
Sigmund Freud |
|
|
Psychosexual stages of development |
Sigmund Freud |
|
|
Focuses on how we act and relate to others; research on how we explain our own behavior, the behaviors of others, prejudice, attraction, and how we resolve conflict |
Social psychology |
|
|
Whose study showed just how far people will go in obeying orders from an authority figure? |
Stanley Milgram |
|
|
While biopsychology focuses on the immediate cause of behavior, blank seeks the ultimate cause-a behavior is impacted by genetics, and behavior will show adaptation to its surroundings |
Evolutionary psychology |
|
|
Method of research using past records |
Archival research |
|
|
Applies psychology to issues in the justice system |
Forensic psychology |
|
|
What are the three stages of sensation? |
1. Sensation 2. Perception 3. Transduction |
|
|
Who discovered the just noticeable difference (JND)? |
Ernst Weber |
|
|
What psychologists studied attention? |
Simons and Chabris |
|
|
Not noticing something because of lack of attention |
Inattentional blindness |
|
|
to identify stimulus embedded in background noise (theory created for air traffic controllers) |
Signal detection theory |
|
|
Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see |
Visible spectrum |
|
|
The optic nerves merge below the brain at the what? |
Optic chiasm |
|
|
When a cell is polarized it is? |
At rest |
|
|
Focuses on studying cognitions or thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and actions |
Cognitive psychology |
|
|
When a cell is depolarized it is? |
Positive or active |
|
|
If the sum of the graded potentials reaches a threshold there will be an action potential; if the threshold isn't reached, no action potential will occur (law) |
All or none law |
|
|
Schwann cell |
Parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
What was William James's perspective? |
Functionalism |
|
|
What was Wilhelm Wundt's perspectives? |
Structuralism and introspection |
|
|
What was Ivan Pavlov's perspective? |
Behaviorism |
|
|
The father of behaviorism |
John B. Watson |
|
|
Behaviorist; mouse operant conditioning chamber |
B. F. Skinner |
|
|
Humanist; hierarchy of needs |
Abraham Maslow |
|
|
Humanist; potential for good in people |
Carl Rogers |
|
|
Study of development across a lifespan |
Developmental psychology |
|
|
The role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior |
Psychoanalytic theory |
|
|
Understanding the conscious experience through introspection |
Structuralism |
|
|
How mental activities help an organism adapt to its environment |
Functionalism |
|
|
Reviews proposals for research involving human participants |
Institutional review board (IRB) |
|
|
The degree to which a function, such as understanding speech, is controlled by one of rather than both cerebral hemispheres |
Lateralization of function |
|
|
Neurogenesis |
Adult brains can produce new brain cells |
|
|
System of ductless glands including: the pituitary thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, and gonads that secret hormones directly into bloodstream or lymph fluids |
Endocrine system |
|
|
Focuses on changes that occurred through reaching adulthood |
Early developmental psychology |
|
|
Demonstrates that very young children do not understand that physical things continue to exist even if we can't see them |
Object permanence |
|
|
Focuses on patterns of thought and behaviors that make each person unique |
Personality psyhology |
|
|
Who theorized that personality arose as conflicts between conscious and unconscious were carried out over a lifespan? |
Sigmund Freud |
|
|
Psychosexual stages of development |
Sigmund Freud |
|
|
Focuses on how we act and relate to others; research on how we explain our own behavior, the behaviors of others, prejudice, attraction, and how we resolve conflict |
Social psychology |
|
|
Whose study showed just how far people will go in obeying orders from an authority figure? |
Stanley Milgram |
|
|
While biopsychology focuses on the immediate cause of behavior, blank seeks the ultimate cause-a behavior is impacted by genetics, and behavior will show adaptation to its surroundings |
Evolutionary psychology |
|
|
Method of research using past records |
Archival research |
|
|
Applies psychology to issues in the justice system |
Forensic psychology |
|
|
What are the three stages of sensation? |
1. Sensation 2. Perception 3. Transduction |
|
|
Who discovered the just noticeable difference (JND)? |
Ernst Weber |
|
|
What psychologists studied attention? |
Simons and Chabris |
|
|
Not noticing something because of lack of attention |
Inattentional blindness |
|
|
to identify stimulus embedded in background noise (theory created for air traffic controllers) |
Signal detection theory |
|
|
Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see |
Visible spectrum |
|
|
The optic nerves merge below the brain at the what? |
Optic chiasm |
|
|
When a cell is polarized it is? |
At rest |
|
|
Focuses on studying cognitions or thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and actions |
Cognitive psychology |
|
|
When a cell is depolarized it is? |
Positive or active |
|
|
If the sum of the graded potentials reaches a threshold there will be an action potential; if the threshold isn't reached, no action potential will occur (law) |
All or none law |
|
|
Schwann cell |
Parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
What was William James's perspective? |
Functionalism |
|
|
What was Wilhelm Wundt's perspectives? |
Structuralism and introspection |
|
|
What was Ivan Pavlov's perspective? |
Behaviorism |
|
|
The father of behaviorism |
John B. Watson |
|
|
Behaviorist; mouse operant conditioning chamber |
B. F. Skinner |
|
|
Humanist; hierarchy of needs |
Abraham Maslow |
|
|
Humanist; potential for good in people |
Carl Rogers |
|
|
Study of development across a lifespan |
Developmental psychology |
|
|
The role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior |
Psychoanalytic theory |
|
|
Understanding the conscious experience through introspection |
Structuralism |
|
|
How mental activities help an organism adapt to its environment |
Functionalism |
|
|
Reviews proposals for research involving human participants |
Institutional review board (IRB) |
|
|
The degree to which a function, such as understanding speech, is controlled by one of rather than both cerebral hemispheres |
Lateralization of function |
|
|
Neurogenesis |
Adult brains can produce new brain cells |
|
|
System of ductless glands including: the pituitary thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, and gonads that secret hormones directly into bloodstream or lymph fluids |
Endocrine system |
|
|
Difference between hormones and neurotransmitters |
Neurotransmitters travel a shorter distance than hormones |
|
|
Focuses on changes that occurred through reaching adulthood |
Early developmental psychology |
|
|
Demonstrates that very young children do not understand that physical things continue to exist even if we can't see them |
Object permanence |
|
|
Focuses on patterns of thought and behaviors that make each person unique |
Personality psyhology |
|
|
Who theorized that personality arose as conflicts between conscious and unconscious were carried out over a lifespan? |
Sigmund Freud |
|
|
Psychosexual stages of development |
Sigmund Freud |
|
|
Focuses on how we act and relate to others; research on how we explain our own behavior, the behaviors of others, prejudice, attraction, and how we resolve conflict |
Social psychology |
|
|
Whose study showed just how far people will go in obeying orders from an authority figure? |
Stanley Milgram |
|
|
While biopsychology focuses on the immediate cause of behavior, blank seeks the ultimate cause-a behavior is impacted by genetics, and behavior will show adaptation to its surroundings |
Evolutionary psychology |
|
|
Method of research using past records |
Archival research |
|
|
Applies psychology to issues in the justice system |
Forensic psychology |
|
|
What are the three stages of sensation? |
1. Sensation 2. Perception 3. Transduction |
|
|
Who discovered the just noticeable difference (JND)? |
Ernst Weber |
|
|
What psychologists studied attention? |
Simons and Chabris |
|
|
Not noticing something because of lack of attention |
Inattentional blindness |
|
|
to identify stimulus embedded in background noise (theory created for air traffic controllers) |
Signal detection theory |
|
|
Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see |
Visible spectrum |
|
|
The optic nerves merge below the brain at the what? |
Optic chiasm |
|
|
When a cell is polarized it is? |
At rest |
|
|
Focuses on studying cognitions or thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and actions |
Cognitive psychology |
|
|
When a cell is depolarized it is? |
Positive or active |
|
|
If the sum of the graded potentials reaches a threshold there will be an action potential; if the threshold isn't reached, no action potential will occur (law) |
All or none law |
|
|
Schwann cell |
Parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
What was William James's perspective? |
Functionalism |
|
|
What was Wilhelm Wundt's perspectives? |
Structuralism and introspection |
|
|
What was Ivan Pavlov's perspective? |
Behaviorism |
|
|
The father of behaviorism |
John B. Watson |
|
|
Behaviorist; mouse operant conditioning chamber |
B. F. Skinner |
|
|
Humanist; hierarchy of needs |
Abraham Maslow |
|
|
Humanist; potential for good in people |
Carl Rogers |
|
|
Study of development across a lifespan |
Developmental psychology |
|
|
The role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior |
Psychoanalytic theory |
|
|
Understanding the conscious experience through introspection |
Structuralism |
|
|
How mental activities help an organism adapt to its environment |
Functionalism |
|
|
Reviews proposals for research involving human participants |
Institutional review board (IRB) |
|
|
The degree to which a function, such as understanding speech, is controlled by one of rather than both cerebral hemispheres |
Lateralization of function |
|
|
Neurogenesis |
Adult brains can produce new brain cells |
|
|
System of ductless glands including: the pituitary thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, and gonads that secret hormones directly into bloodstream or lymph fluids |
Endocrine system |
|
|
Difference between hormones and neurotransmitters |
Neurotransmitters travel a shorter distance than hormones |
|
|
Variations in bio functions, hormonal activity, temperature, and sleep that cycle every 24-25 hours |
Biological or circadian rhythms |
|
|
Focuses on changes that occurred through reaching adulthood |
Early developmental psychology |
|
|
Demonstrates that very young children do not understand that physical things continue to exist even if we can't see them |
Object permanence |
|
|
Focuses on patterns of thought and behaviors that make each person unique |
Personality psyhology |
|
|
Who theorized that personality arose as conflicts between conscious and unconscious were carried out over a lifespan? |
Sigmund Freud |
|
|
Psychosexual stages of development |
Sigmund Freud |
|
|
Focuses on how we act and relate to others; research on how we explain our own behavior, the behaviors of others, prejudice, attraction, and how we resolve conflict |
Social psychology |
|
|
Whose study showed just how far people will go in obeying orders from an authority figure? |
Stanley Milgram |
|
|
While biopsychology focuses on the immediate cause of behavior, blank seeks the ultimate cause-a behavior is impacted by genetics, and behavior will show adaptation to its surroundings |
Evolutionary psychology |
|
|
Method of research using past records |
Archival research |
|
|
Applies psychology to issues in the justice system |
Forensic psychology |
|
|
What are the three stages of sensation? |
1. Sensation 2. Perception 3. Transduction |
|
|
Who discovered the just noticeable difference (JND)? |
Ernst Weber |
|
|
What psychologists studied attention? |
Simons and Chabris |
|
|
Not noticing something because of lack of attention |
Inattentional blindness |
|
|
to identify stimulus embedded in background noise (theory created for air traffic controllers) |
Signal detection theory |
|
|
Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see |
Visible spectrum |
|
|
The optic nerves merge below the brain at the what? |
Optic chiasm |
|
|
When a cell is polarized it is? |
At rest |
|
|
Focuses on studying cognitions or thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and actions |
Cognitive psychology |
|
|
When a cell is depolarized it is? |
Positive or active |
|
|
If the sum of the graded potentials reaches a threshold there will be an action potential; if the threshold isn't reached, no action potential will occur (law) |
All or none law |
|
|
Schwann cell |
Parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
What was William James's perspective? |
Functionalism |
|
|
What was Wilhelm Wundt's perspectives? |
Structuralism and introspection |
|
|
What was Ivan Pavlov's perspective? |
Behaviorism |
|
|
The father of behaviorism |
John B. Watson |
|
|
Behaviorist; mouse operant conditioning chamber |
B. F. Skinner |
|
|
Humanist; hierarchy of needs |
Abraham Maslow |
|
|
Humanist; potential for good in people |
Carl Rogers |
|
|
Study of development across a lifespan |
Developmental psychology |
|
|
The role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior |
Psychoanalytic theory |
|
|
Understanding the conscious experience through introspection |
Structuralism |
|
|
How mental activities help an organism adapt to its environment |
Functionalism |
|
|
Reviews proposals for research involving human participants |
Institutional review board (IRB) |
|
|
The degree to which a function, such as understanding speech, is controlled by one of rather than both cerebral hemispheres |
Lateralization of function |
|
|
Neurogenesis |
Adult brains can produce new brain cells |
|
|
System of ductless glands including: the pituitary thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, and gonads that secret hormones directly into bloodstream or lymph fluids |
Endocrine system |
|
|
Difference between hormones and neurotransmitters |
Neurotransmitters travel a shorter distance than hormones |
|
|
Variations in bio functions, hormonal activity, temperature, and sleep that cycle every 24-25 hours |
Biological or circadian rhythms |
|
|
An area of the hypothalamus located above the optic chiasm; exerts main control over biological rhythms |
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) |
|
|
Focuses on changes that occurred through reaching adulthood |
Early developmental psychology |
|
|
Demonstrates that very young children do not understand that physical things continue to exist even if we can't see them |
Object permanence |
|
|
Focuses on patterns of thought and behaviors that make each person unique |
Personality psyhology |
|
|
Who theorized that personality arose as conflicts between conscious and unconscious were carried out over a lifespan? |
Sigmund Freud |
|
|
Psychosexual stages of development |
Sigmund Freud |
|
|
Focuses on how we act and relate to others; research on how we explain our own behavior, the behaviors of others, prejudice, attraction, and how we resolve conflict |
Social psychology |
|
|
Whose study showed just how far people will go in obeying orders from an authority figure? |
Stanley Milgram |
|
|
While biopsychology focuses on the immediate cause of behavior, blank seeks the ultimate cause-a behavior is impacted by genetics, and behavior will show adaptation to its surroundings |
Evolutionary psychology |
|
|
Method of research using past records |
Archival research |
|
|
Applies psychology to issues in the justice system |
Forensic psychology |
|
|
What are the three stages of sensation? |
1. Sensation 2. Perception 3. Transduction |
|
|
Who discovered the just noticeable difference (JND)? |
Ernst Weber |
|
|
What psychologists studied attention? |
Simons and Chabris |
|
|
Not noticing something because of lack of attention |
Inattentional blindness |
|
|
to identify stimulus embedded in background noise (theory created for air traffic controllers) |
Signal detection theory |
|
|
Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see |
Visible spectrum |
|
|
The optic nerves merge below the brain at the what? |
Optic chiasm |
|
|
When a cell is polarized it is? |
At rest |
|
|
Focuses on studying cognitions or thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and actions |
Cognitive psychology |
|
|
When a cell is depolarized it is? |
Positive or active |
|
|
If the sum of the graded potentials reaches a threshold there will be an action potential; if the threshold isn't reached, no action potential will occur (law) |
All or none law |
|
|
Schwann cell |
Parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
What was William James's perspective? |
Functionalism |
|
|
What was Wilhelm Wundt's perspectives? |
Structuralism and introspection |
|
|
What was Ivan Pavlov's perspective? |
Behaviorism |
|
|
The father of behaviorism |
John B. Watson |
|
|
Behaviorist; mouse operant conditioning chamber |
B. F. Skinner |
|
|
Humanist; hierarchy of needs |
Abraham Maslow |
|
|
Humanist; potential for good in people |
Carl Rogers |
|
|
Study of development across a lifespan |
Developmental psychology |
|
|
The role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior |
Psychoanalytic theory |
|
|
Understanding the conscious experience through introspection |
Structuralism |
|
|
How mental activities help an organism adapt to its environment |
Functionalism |
|
|
Reviews proposals for research involving human participants |
Institutional review board (IRB) |
|
|
The degree to which a function, such as understanding speech, is controlled by one of rather than both cerebral hemispheres |
Lateralization of function |
|
|
Neurogenesis |
Adult brains can produce new brain cells |
|
|
System of ductless glands including: the pituitary thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, and gonads that secret hormones directly into bloodstream or lymph fluids |
Endocrine system |
|
|
Difference between hormones and neurotransmitters |
Neurotransmitters travel a shorter distance than hormones |
|
|
Variations in bio functions, hormonal activity, temperature, and sleep that cycle every 24-25 hours |
Biological or circadian rhythms |
|
|
An area of the hypothalamus located above the optic chiasm; exerts main control over biological rhythms |
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) |
|
|
Focuses on changes that occurred through reaching adulthood |
Early developmental psychology |
|
|
The tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system; maintaining this is the job of the hypothalamus |
Homeostasis |
|
|
Demonstrates that very young children do not understand that physical things continue to exist even if we can't see them |
Object permanence |
|
|
Focuses on patterns of thought and behaviors that make each person unique |
Personality psyhology |
|
|
Who theorized that personality arose as conflicts between conscious and unconscious were carried out over a lifespan? |
Sigmund Freud |
|
|
Psychosexual stages of development |
Sigmund Freud |
|
|
Focuses on how we act and relate to others; research on how we explain our own behavior, the behaviors of others, prejudice, attraction, and how we resolve conflict |
Social psychology |
|
|
Whose study showed just how far people will go in obeying orders from an authority figure? |
Stanley Milgram |
|
|
While biopsychology focuses on the immediate cause of behavior, blank seeks the ultimate cause-a behavior is impacted by genetics, and behavior will show adaptation to its surroundings |
Evolutionary psychology |
|
|
Method of research using past records |
Archival research |
|
|
Applies psychology to issues in the justice system |
Forensic psychology |
|
|
What are the three stages of sensation? |
1. Sensation 2. Perception 3. Transduction |
|
|
Who discovered the just noticeable difference (JND)? |
Ernst Weber |
|
|
What psychologists studied attention? |
Simons and Chabris |
|
|
Not noticing something because of lack of attention |
Inattentional blindness |
|
|
to identify stimulus embedded in background noise (theory created for air traffic controllers) |
Signal detection theory |
|
|
Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see |
Visible spectrum |
|
|
The optic nerves merge below the brain at the what? |
Optic chiasm |
|
|
When a cell is polarized it is? |
At rest |
|
|
Focuses on studying cognitions or thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and actions |
Cognitive psychology |
|
|
When a cell is depolarized it is? |
Positive or active |
|
|
If the sum of the graded potentials reaches a threshold there will be an action potential; if the threshold isn't reached, no action potential will occur (law) |
All or none law |
|
|
Schwann cell |
Parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
What was William James's perspective? |
Functionalism |
|
|
What was Wilhelm Wundt's perspectives? |
Structuralism and introspection |
|
|
What was Ivan Pavlov's perspective? |
Behaviorism |
|
|
The father of behaviorism |
John B. Watson |
|
|
Behaviorist; mouse operant conditioning chamber |
B. F. Skinner |
|
|
Humanist; hierarchy of needs |
Abraham Maslow |
|
|
Humanist; potential for good in people |
Carl Rogers |
|
|
Study of development across a lifespan |
Developmental psychology |
|
|
The role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior |
Psychoanalytic theory |
|
|
Understanding the conscious experience through introspection |
Structuralism |
|
|
How mental activities help an organism adapt to its environment |
Functionalism |
|
|
Reviews proposals for research involving human participants |
Institutional review board (IRB) |
|
|
The degree to which a function, such as understanding speech, is controlled by one of rather than both cerebral hemispheres |
Lateralization of function |
|
|
Neurogenesis |
Adult brains can produce new brain cells |
|
|
System of ductless glands including: the pituitary thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, and gonads that secret hormones directly into bloodstream or lymph fluids |
Endocrine system |
|
|
Difference between hormones and neurotransmitters |
Neurotransmitters travel a shorter distance than hormones |
|
|
Variations in bio functions, hormonal activity, temperature, and sleep that cycle every 24-25 hours |
Biological or circadian rhythms |
|
|
An area of the hypothalamus located above the optic chiasm; exerts main control over biological rhythms |
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) |
|
|
Focuses on changes that occurred through reaching adulthood |
Early developmental psychology |
|
|
The tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system; maintaining this is the job of the hypothalamus |
Homeostasis |
|
|
Produced by the pineal gland; controlled by circadian clock in the SCN; release of this is stimulated by darkness |
Melatonin |
|
|
Demonstrates that very young children do not understand that physical things continue to exist even if we can't see them |
Object permanence |
|
|
Focuses on patterns of thought and behaviors that make each person unique |
Personality psyhology |
|
|
Who theorized that personality arose as conflicts between conscious and unconscious were carried out over a lifespan? |
Sigmund Freud |
|
|
Psychosexual stages of development |
Sigmund Freud |
|
|
Focuses on how we act and relate to others; research on how we explain our own behavior, the behaviors of others, prejudice, attraction, and how we resolve conflict |
Social psychology |
|
|
Whose study showed just how far people will go in obeying orders from an authority figure? |
Stanley Milgram |
|
|
Measures eye movements |
Electrooculogram (EOG) |
|
|
Measures electrical activity in muscles |
Electromyogram (EMG) |
|
|
Measures eye movements |
Electrooculogram (EOG) |
|
|
Measures electrical activity in muscles |
Electromyogram (EMG) |
|
|
Measures eye movements |
Electrooculogram (EOG) |
|
|
Measures electrical activity in muscles |
Electromyogram (EMG) |
|
|
Stage of sleep that occurs right after dozing off; NREM; theta waves |
Stage 1 sleep |
|
|
Stage of sleep comprised of brief bursts of brain activity called sleep spindles & k-complex responses to stimuli; NREM |
Stage 2 sleep |
|
|
Stage of sleep comprised of 20%-50% of delta waves & almost no eye movement; NREM |
Stage 3 sleep |
|
|
Deepest level of sleep; over 50% of delta waves and almost no eye movement; NREM |
Stage 4 sleep |
|
|
Stage of sleep comprised of rapid eye movements and increased dreaming, and where the limbic system is very active, and the forebrain is inactive, resulting in bizarre dreams |
REM sleep |
|
|
in Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the disguised version of latent content |
manifest content |
|
|
hidden content or true meaning of dreams |
latent content |
|
|
sleepwalking, RBD, night terrors, etc. |
parasomnia |
|
|
when a person has an emotional need for a drug |
psychological dependence |
