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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the big five?
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5 dimensions of personality
conscientiousness, ableness, neuroticism, openness, extroversion |
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What are esyencks three?
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extroversion, neuroticism, psychoticism
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factor which describes how outgoing one is
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extroversion
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factor which describe how much one worries, their degree of anxiety and moodiness
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neuroticsim
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factor deciding how insestive, cruel and uncaring you are
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psychoticism
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Big Five
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the 5 dimensions of personality that have been isolated through the application of factor analysis
*conscientiousness *ableness *neuroticism *openness *extroversion |
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cardinal traits
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rare personality traits which dominate a persons life
ex: helping people, serving god |
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central traits
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5-10 descriptive traits to describe someone
ex: friendly, nice, giving |
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conditions of worth
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the expectations or standards we believe others place on us
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humanistic psychology
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approach to personality that focuses on people's unique capacities for choice, responsibilities and growth.
positive movement to counteract freud's negative approach |
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incongruence
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a discrepancy between our own self-concept and the sum of all our experiences
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locus of control
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amount of control a person feels they have over the environment
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personality
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the distinguishing pattern of psychological characteristics- thinking, feeling, and behaving- that differentiates us from others and leads us to act consistently across situations
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person-situation debate
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a controversial debate centering on whether people really do behave consistently across situations
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positive regard
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the idea that we value what others think of us and that we constantly seek others' love, approval and companionship
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projective personality test
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personality test in which individuals are asked to interpret unstructured or ambiguous stimuli
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psychodynamic theory
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approach to personality development that holds that much of behavior is governed by the unconscious forces...made up by freud
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reciprocal determinism
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beliefs, behavior, and the environment interact to shape what is leaned from experience
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secondary traits
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less obvious traits of a person that appear only under certain circumstances
ex: testiness on a diet |
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self-actualization
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ingrained desire to reach one's true potential as a human being
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self-concept
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an organized set of perceptions that we hold about our abilities and characteristics
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self-efficacy
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beliefs that we hold about our own abilities to perform a task or accomplish a goal
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self-monitoring
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degree to which a person monitors a situation closely and changes his or her behaviors accordingly; people who are high self-monitors may not behave consistently across situations
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self-report inventories
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personality tests which people answer groups of questions about how they typically think, act, and feel;
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social-cognitive theories
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approach to personality that suggests its human experiences, and interpretations of those experiences that determine personality growth and development
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trait theories
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formal systems for assessing how people differ
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trait
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a stable predisposition to act or behave a certain way
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actor-observer effect
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overall tendency to attribute our own behavior to external sources but attribute the behavior of others to internal sources
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altruism
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acting in a way that shows unselfish concern for the welfare of others
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attitude
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a positive or negative evaluation or belief held about something, which in turn make affect one's behavior;
typically broken into cognitive, behavioral, and affective |
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attributions
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the inference processes people use to assign cause and effect to behavior
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bystander effect
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the reluctance to come to the aid of a person in need when other people are present
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cognitive dissonance
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the tension produced when people act in a way that is inconsistent with their attitudes
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companionate love
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emotional attachment characterized by feelings of trust and companionship; marked by a combination of intimacy and commitment without passion
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conformity
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tendency to comply with the wishes of the group
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de-individuation
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the loss of individuality, or depersonalization that comes from being in a group
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diffusion of responsibility
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idea that when people know/think others are present in a situation, they allow their sense of responsibility for actions to diffuse, or spread out widely, among those who are present
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discrimination
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behaviors that are directed against members of a group
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elaboration of likelihood model
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a model proposing two primary routes to persuasion and attitude change: a central route which operates when we are motivated or focused on the message, and a peripheral route, which operates when we are unmotivated to process or unable to do so
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external attribution
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attributing the cause of a person's behavior to an external event or a situation in the environment
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fundamental attribution error
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when people seek to interpret someone else's behavior, they tend to overestimate the influence of internal personal factors and underestimate the role of situational factors
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group polarization
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tendency for a group's dominant point of view to become stronger and more extreme with time.
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groupthink
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tendency for memebers of a group to become so interested in seeking a consensus of opinion that they start to ignore and even suppress dissenting views.
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in-group
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group of individuals with whom one shares features in common or with whom one identifies
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internal attribution
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attributing the cause of a person's behavior to an internal personality trait or disposition
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obedience
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the form of compliance that occurs when people respond to the orders of an authority figure
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passionate love
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an intense emotional state characterized by a powerful longing to be with a specific person; combo of intimacy and passion but not commitment
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prejudice
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positive or negative evaluations of a group and its members
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reciprocity
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tendency for people to return in kind the feelings that are shown toward them
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self-fulfilling prophecy effect
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a condition in which our expectations about the actions of another person actually lead that person to behave in the expected way
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self-perception theory
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idea that people use observations of their own behavior as a basis for inferring their internal beliefs
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self-serving bias
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tendancy to make internal attributions about one's own behavior when the outcome is positive, but external attributions when the outcome is negative
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social cognition
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study of how people use cognitive processes to help make sense of other people as well as themselves
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social facilitation
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enhancement in performance that is sometimes found when an individual performs in the presence of others
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social influence
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study of how the behaviors and thoughts of individuals are affected by the presence of others
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social interference
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impairment in performance that is sometimes found when an individual performs in the presence of others
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social loafing
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tendency to put out less effort when working in a group compared to working alone
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social psychology
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the discipline that studies how people think about, influence, and relate to other people
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social schema
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a general knowledge structure, stored in long-term memory, that relates to social experiences or people
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source characteristics
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features of a person who is presenting a persuasive message, such as his or her attractiveness, amount of power, or fame
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stereotypes
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collection of beliefs and impressions held about a group and its members; common stereotypes include those based on race, age, and gender
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agoraphobia
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anxiety disorder that causes an individual to restrict his or her normal activities; avoids public places
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antisocial personality disorder
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personality disorder in which a person has little, if any, respect for social laws, customs, or norms
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anxiety disorder
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class of disorders marked by excessive apprehension and worry that in turn impair normal functioning
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bio-psycho-social perspective
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idea that psychological disorders are influenced or caused by a combination of biological, psychological (cognitive), and social (environmental) factors
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bipolar disorder
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type of mood disorder in which the person experiences disordered mood shifts in two directions- depression and mania
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borderline personality disorder
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a personality disorder characterized by problems with emotional regulation, social relationships, and sense of self
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conversion disorder
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the presence of real physical problems that seem to have no identifiable cause
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cultural deviance
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a criterion of abnormality stating that a behavior is abnormal if it violates the rules or accepted standards of society
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cluster a
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odd/eccentric
*paranoid *schizoid *schizotypal |
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cluster b
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emotional/dramatic
*antisocial *narcissistic *histrionic *borderline |
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cluster c
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anxious/fearful
*avoidant *dependent *obsessive/compulsive |
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dependant personality disorder
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a personality disorder characterized by an excessive and persistent need to be taken care of by others
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diagnostic labeling effects
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the facts that labels for psychological problems can become self-fulfilling prophecies; may make it difficult to recognize normal behavior when it occurs, and it make actually increase likelihood that a person will act in an abnormal way
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dissociative amnesia
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psychological disorder characterized by an inability to remember important personal information
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dissociative disorders
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class of disorders characterized by the separation, or dissociation, of conscious awareness from previous thoughts or memories
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dissociative fugue
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a loss of personal identity that is often accompanied by a flight from home
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dissociated identity disorder
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condition in which an individual alternates between what appears to be two or more distinct identities or personalities
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DSM-IV-TR
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used to classify and diagnose psychological disorders. based on five axes
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dysfunction
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breakdown in normal functioning; abnormal behaviors are those that prevent one from pursuing adaptive strategies
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emotional distress
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a criterion of abnormality stating that abnormal behaviors are those that lead to personal distress or emotional upset
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generalized anxiety disorder
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excessive worrying, or free-floating anxiety, that lasts for at least six months and that cannot be attributed to any single identifiable source
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hypochondriasis
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a long-lasting preoccupation with the idea that one has developed a serious disease, based on what turns out to be a misinterpretation of normal body reactions
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insanity
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a legal term usually defined as the inability to understand that certain actions are wrong, in a legal and moral sense, at the time of a crime
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learned helplessness
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a general sense of helplessness that is acquired when people repeatedly fail at their attempts to control their environment; may play a role in depression
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major depressive episode
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a type of mood disorder characterized by a depressed mood and other symptoms
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manic state
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a disordered state in which the person becomes hyperactive, talkative, and has a decreased need for sleep; may engage in reckless activities
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medical model
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view that abnormal behavior is symptomatic of an underlying "disease" which can be "cured" with the appropriate therapy
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mood disorders
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prolonged and disabling disruptions in emotional state
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obsessive-compulsive disorder
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anxiety disorders which manifests itself through persistent and uncontrollable thoughts, called obsessions, or by the need to to perform repetitive activities, called compulsions
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panic disorder
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a condition marked by recurrent discrete episodes or attacks of extremely intense fear or dread
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paranoid personality disorder
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personality disorder characterized by pervasive distrust of others
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personality disorders
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chronic or enduring patterns of behavior that lead to significant impairments in a social functioning
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phobic disorder
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a highly focused fear of a specific object or situation
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schizophrenia
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a class of disorders characterized by fundamental disturbances in thought process, emotion, or behavior
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social anxiety disorder
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intense fear of being watched, judged, and embarrassed in social situations
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somatization disorder
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a long-lasting preoccupation with body symptoms that have no identifiable physical cause
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somatoform disorders
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psychological disorders that focus on the physical body
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statistical deviance
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a criterion of abnormality stating that a behavior is abnormal if it occurs infrequently among the members of a population
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anti-anxiety drugs
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medications that reduce tension and anxiety
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antidepressant drugs
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meds that modulate the availability and effectiveness of the neurotransmitters implicated in mood disorders
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antipsychotic drugs
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meds that reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
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aversion therapy
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treatment for replacing a positive reaction to harmful stimulus with something negative
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behavioral therapies
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treatments designed to change behaviors through the use of established learning techniques
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biomedical therapies
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biologically based treatments for reducing or eliminating the symptoms of psychological disorders
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client-centered therapies
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a form of humanistic therapy proposing that it is the client, not the therapist, who holds the key to psychological health and happiness
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cognitive therapies
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treatments designed to reduce irrational beliefs and negative thoughts that are presumed to be responsible for psychological disorders
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dream analysis
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a technique used in pschoanalysis; dream= symbolic
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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treatment used primarily for depression in which a brief electric current is delivered to the brain
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family therapy
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group therapy in which the family is seen as a social system
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free association
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technique used in psychoanalysis to explore the contents of the unconscious
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group therapy
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form of therapy in which several people are treated simultaneously in the same setting
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humanistic therapy
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treatments designed to gain insight into their fundamental self-worth and vaue human beings
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insight therapies
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treatments designed to give clients self-knowledge and insights into the contents of their thought process
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meta-analysis
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statistical technique used to compare findings across many different research studies
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psychoanalysis
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a method of treatment that attempts to bring hidden impulses and memories, which are locked in the unconscious, to the surface of awareness, thereby freeing the patient from disordered thoughts and behaviors
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psychosurgery
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surgery that destroys or alters tisses in the brain in an effort to affect behavior
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psychotherapy
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treatment designed to help people deal with mental emotional or behavioral problems
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rational-emotive therapy
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a form of cognitive therapy in which the therapist acts as a kind of cross examiner, verbally assaulting the clients irrational thought process
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resistance
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in psychoanalysis, a patient's unconsciously motivated attempts to subvert or hinder the process of therapy
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spontaneous remission
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improvement in a psychological disorder without treatment- simply as a function of the passage of time
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systematic desensitization
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a technique that uses counterconditioning and extinction to reduce the fear and anxiety that have become associated with a specific object or event
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token economy
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a type of behavioral therapy in which patients are rewarded with small tokens when they act in an appropriate way and vice versa
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transference
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in psychoanalysis, the patients' expression of thoughts or feelings toward the therapist are actually representative of the way the patient feels about the other significant people in his or her life
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