Psych Of Grief Exam 2 Review

Front 1

Mitchell described “ritual" as a

Back 1

general word for corporate symbolic activity

Front 2

Three tasks associated with funeral rituals according to the authors are

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(1) To dispose of the body of the deceases in appropriate ways,
(2) To contribute to making real the implications of the death,
(3) To assist in reintegration and meaningful ongoing living.

Front 3

“Aftercare” programs for the bereaved include

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any assistance and support offered to the bereaved after the funeral is over and their family members have returned to the familiar parts of their own lives

Front 4

The four levels of aftercare programs are

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(1) Casual, (2) Fundamental, (3) Standard, (4) Premier

Front 5

Of the four types of aftercare programs, which requires no extra staff

Back 5

Casual

Front 6

Hospice programs in the United States are required to provide support and counseling for the family members of those whom they serve. Answer “True” or “False” and explain why you answered as you did

Back 6

True: As stated in the text, this service arises directly out of the hospice philosophy of holistic care, which requires it to address the needs of both the dying person and his or her family members. After the death, hospice care is no longer needed by the dying but the family members continue to cope with many old problems. Not all families need or accept bereavement follow-up from a hospice program

Front 7

LIFT (Living information for Today)

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A type of support group that helps bereaved persons mainly through talks and lectures by experts on a variety of practical problems.

Front 8

POMC (Parents of Murdered Children):

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A support group whose main concern is to help individuals cope with loss and grief offer support in the broadest sense, but their primary benefits result from the assistance that members of the group give to each other and the opportunities that these groups provide for bereaved individuals to help themselves with grief work and tasks of mourning.

Front 9

Support groups for the bereaved that offer opportunities for mutual aid and self-help in coping with loss and grief may be:

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Bereaved persons

Front 10

The central helping factors around which most bereavement support groups are organized include:

Back 10

-shared private experiencs
-to provide hope
-to identify with others

Front 11

More children die _____ _____ than throughout the remainder of childhood

Back 11

during infancy

Front 12

The U.S. has an infant mortality rate higher than ___ other industrialized countries in the world.

Back 12

26

Front 13

_____ are the leading cause of death in childhood after the first year of life.

Back 13

Accidents

Front 14

what is SIDS and what are the first symptoms

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5. SIDS stand for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and is described as “the sudden death of an infant under one year of age which remains unexplained after a thorough case investigation, including performance of a complete autopsy, examination of the death scene, and review of the clinical history.” It is said that the first symptom of SIDS is a dead infant because it is thought to be unpreventable and there is no way to screen for an unknown cause of death.

Front 15

6. Diamant (1994) drew on a study by the American Psychological Association to show that children in the United States who watch two to four hours of television per day will have witnessed __________ by the time they finish elementary school

Back 15

8,000 fantasized versions of murders and 100,000 acts of violence

Front 16

summarize the study done by Nagy in 1948

Back 16

7. In order to better understand the development of a child’s understanding of death, Maria Nagy examined 378 children in Budapest, Hungary just before WWII. The children ranged in age from 3-10, 51 percent were boys and 49 percent were girls and they were of varied intelligence levels. The 7-10 year olds were asked to write down everything that comes to mind about death, the children age 6-10 were asked to make drawings about death, and all of the children talked about their feelings about death. Through these interactions and observations of the children, Nagy concluded that there were three major developmental stages in children’s understanding of death. In the first stage, There Is No Definitive Death, the child does not know death as such and death is denied as a clear and unambiguous concept. In stage two, A Man, death is imagined as a separate person and is personified in characters such as the grim reaper, skeletons and ghosts. The final stage, The Cessation of Corporal Life, Nagy believes that children recognize death as both final and universal and as a process operating within us.

Front 17

The five principle sub-concepts identified by Speece and Brent regarding children’s concepts of death are

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(1) Universality
(2) Irreversibility
(3) Nonfunctionality
(4) Causality
(5) Noncorporeal continuation.

Front 18

What period of life is reflective of the stage of concrete operations in Piagets’s model.

Back 18

Middle childhood or Preadolescence (ages 7-11/12)

Front 19

Maurer suggests that the game _____ is a paradigm of death.

Back 19

peek-a-boo

Front 20

The answer to the question posed by Vernick and Karon, “Who’s afraid of death on the leukemia ward” is _____

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everyone – children, family members, and professional caregivers

Front 21

The term “adolescence” is derived from the Latin root

Back 21

(adolescentia) that refers to the process or condition of growing up and that designates a “youth” or person in the growing age.

Front 22

The “task” associated with early adolescence is

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(Emotional separation from parents)

Front 23

The “conflict” for adolescents age 17-21 is

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(Closeness versus distance)

Front 24

The three leading causes of death for adolescents are all

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human induced

Front 25

The three leading causes of death for adolescents are

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(1) accidents
(2) homicide
(3) suicide.

Front 26

Human-induced deaths most often occur quickly and unexpectedly, and are frequently associated with

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trauma and violence

Front 27

As early as 1988, HIV had advanced to being the _____ leading cause of death among persons 15-24 years of age.

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sixth

Front 28

The study of high school juniors and seniors by Ewalt and Perkins disclosed that

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adolescents have more experience with death and mourning than has been assumed.

Front 29

4 of McNeil's guidelines for communication with adolescents about death

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(1) Take the lead in heightened awareness of an adolescent’s concerns about death and in openness to discussing whatever he or she wishes to explore.
(2) Listen actively and perceptively, with special attention to the feelings that appear to underlie what the adolescent is saying.
(3) Accept the adolescent’s feelings as real, important, and normal.
(4) Use supportive responses that reflect acceptance and understanding of what the adolescents is trying to say.

Front 30

What was the advice one father gave after the death of Princess Diana?

Back 30

“It will be your duty never to mention her….You must pretend that nothing has happened and just carry on”

Front 31

Death-related themes are explicitly apparent in much of:

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Music familiar to adolescents

Front 32

Which of the following appears to decrease risk-taking behavior in early adolescents?

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An increased level of maturity

Front 33

3 ways in which adults might help adolescents what are coping wiht death

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1) Take the lead in heightened awareness of an adolescent’s concerns about death and in openness to discussing whatever he or she wishes to explore. Try and see things through adolescent eyes and be sensitive to what he or she wishes to explore.
(2) Take time to enjoy the company of the adolescent and to provide frequent opportunities for talking together. Be there for them often but don’t hover, just talk to them about regular things but be prepared for the recent death to come up.
(3) Project a belief in the worth of the adolescent by resisting the temptation to solve his or her problems and by conveying an effort to help the adolescent find his or her own solutions. Don’t dictate or offer solutions to the situation just listen and be there for them emotionally

Front 34

what age group comprises a period of forty years

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Adulthood

Front 35

__________ argued that the course of human development in females is likely to differ in significant ways from that of their male counterparts.

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Gilligan (1982)

Front 36

Adults between the ages of __________ make up just half of the total population of the U.S.

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25 and 64

Front 37

Cancer and heart disease account for nearly _____ of all deaths during middle adulthood.

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60%

Front 38

According to Erickson, the principal developmental task for middle-aged adults is the pursuit of

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generativity

Front 39

According to Sanders, the death of a _________ most significantly impacts on adult bereavement.

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child

Front 40

“Fetal deaths” include

Back 40

-miscarriages
-stillbirths
-spontaneous abortions.

Front 41

The loss of a _________ is most typical in adulthood.

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parent or grandparent

Front 42

The phrase “sandwich generation” describes:

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Pressures on adults from older and younger generations

Front 43

The two leading causes of death for young adults ages 25-44 are:

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Accidents and cancer

Front 44

You have a close friend age 25 who is terminally ill. The best thing you could do for your friend is:

Back 44

Maintain a close relationship

Front 45

NBC news correspondent Tom Brokaw has called elder American

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The Greatest Generation

Front 46

Ageism is defined by Butler (1969)

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as “process of systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against people because they are old.”

Front 47

For Erikson, developmental tasks of the final portion of the human life cycle involve the achievement of

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ego integrity versus despair and disgust

Front 48

Customarily, the elderly in our American society have been thought of as those who are

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65 years of age or older.

Front 49

The highest rates of suicide in the whole of American society are found among

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the oldest members of society or the elderly.

Front 50

Kalish proposed three explanations for the relatively low level of fear of death among older adults

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(1) they may accept death more easily than others because they have been able to live long, full lives;
(2) they may have come to accept their own deaths as a result of a socialization process through which they repeatedly experience the deaths of others
(3) they may have come to view their lives as having less value than the lives of younger persons and thus may not object so strenuously to giving them up.

Front 51

The four needs of older adults coping with life-threatening illness or dying according to Cook and Oltjenbruns are

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(1) maintaining a sense of self;
(2) participating in decisions regarding their lives;
(3) being reassured that their lives still have value;
(4) receiving appropriate and adequate health care services

Front 52

Studies conducted by (Sudnow, 1967) and Simpson, 1976) demonstrated that older adults who were brought to hospital emergency rooms in critical condition

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were likely to receive care that was not as thorough or vigorous as that provided to younger persons

Front 53

The “ forgotten grievers” are

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described as grandparents because they are both connected to and distanced from events involving the fatal illness, death, or bereavement of a grandchild

Front 54

In the elderly, suicidal behavior is mainly associated with

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Depression

Front 55

“Case law” is

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when a decision is made in individual cases where no legislation covers a specific subject. Generally, this is done by drawing on precedents, set by prior court decisions.

Front 56

“Advance directives”

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apply to a wide range of instructions that one might make orally or set down in writing about actions that one would or would not want to be taken if one were somehow incapacitated and unable to join in making decisions.

Front 57

Living Wills

Back 57

were originally developed in the early 1970’s as a means whereby persons who were competent decision makers could express their wishes to professional care providers, family members, and friends about interventions that they might or might not wish to permit in the event of a terminal illness

Front 58

_________ developed the first “natural death” legislation in 1976. Also called the “living will” legislation, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have since passes similar legislation.

Back 58

California

Front 59

“Power of Attorney”

Back 59

is a well-established legal doctrine whereby one individual authorizes another individual (or group of individuals) to make decisions and take actions on behalf of the first individual in specific circumstances or for a specific period of time

Front 60

Two advantages durable powers of attorneys have over written directives, such as living wills are;

Back 60

(1) it empowers a surrogate or substitute decision maker to make decisions on behalf of an individual in any and all circumstances that the document covers;
(2) the surrogate decision maker can be instructed to refuse all interventions, to insist on all interventions, or to approve some interventions and reject others.

Front 61

The four basic categories (manner of death) found on death certificates are:

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natural, accidental, suicide, or homicide. This system is known as the “NASH” system, based on the first four initials of these terms. They also can be categorized as “undetermined” or “pending investigation”.

Front 62

If a person dies and was not under the care of a physician at the time of their death,

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the death comes under the jurisdiction of a coroner or medical examiner. The primary function of the coroner or medical examiner is to investigate the circumstances and causes of death.

Front 63

Xenotransplantation is

Back 63

transplantation from animals to humans. This has been successful in cases involving heart valves taken from pigs.

Front 64

“Holographic wills” are

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those will’s that are handwritten and un-witnessed. Many states still accept these types of wills but the use of such wills can be controversial

Front 65

1. In terms of methods, _________ are the main instruments used to carry out suicide among both men and women

Back 65

firearms

Front 66

What was the second most common means for men? For women?

Back 66

Men: hanging, women: poisoning

Front 67

Asian American suicide rates are __________ among the elderly

Back 67

highest

Front 68

Leenaars (1990) identified three major forms that psychological explanations of suicide have taken.

Back 68

1. self destructive behavior. Murder turned around 180 degrees, wanting to punish a lost one by killing oneself.
2. clinical depression, impaired thinking
3. suicidal behavior is learned, aggression is turned back at self not out, depression

Front 69

What three characteristics do groups have that get members to engage in suicidal/murderous acts according to Merari (2001)?

Back 69

1. they build up motivation to overcome ambivalence and perform the act
2. they provide group pressure to stick to the mission
3. they get a direct commitment from the individual to perform the act

Front 70

The oldest and best-known attempt to offer an explanation of suicide comes from the work of what French soiciologist?

Back 70

Emile Durkheim

Front 71

Egoistic Suicide

Back 71

suicide involving more or less isolated individuals.

Front 72

Anomic Suicide

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a normlessness, underregulation or sudden withdrawal of control may be intolerable because of the absence of (familiar) principles to guide them in living

Front 73

Do people who are thinking about killing themselves talks about it? Discuss.

Back 73

Yes, According to the text “80 percent of persons who are inclined toward suicide communicate their plans to family members, friends, authority figures, or telephone intervention programs. Suicide rarely occurs without warning and often-times the individual is reaching out for help but doesn’t know how to convey that message.

Front 74

Moral dilemmas about ending a life in our society most often:

Back 74

are confined to issues of assisted suicide

Front 75

In March or 1999, Dr. Jack Kevorkian:

Back 75

was convicted of second degree murder

Front 76

The term euthanasia refers

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to a situation in which the individual who contributes to the death of another person intends to end the suffering of that second person

Front 77

Assisted suicide occurs only when what three conditions exist?

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1. one person intentionally acts to obtain assistance in ending his or her life from a second individual
2. the second individual intentionally acts to provide the first person with full awareness of how that assistance is to be used
3. the first person intentionally uses the assistance provided to carry out his or her own self-destruction

Front 78

The literal meaning of the word “euthanasia” is

Back 78

“good death.”

Front 79

Explain “Slippery Slope” arguments against euthanasia.

Back 79

This argument essentially says that once you can justify taking your own life, you can just as well justify taking other lives for other reasons.

Front 80

Distinguish between assisted suicide and euthanasia in terms of what is intended.

Back 80

In assisted suicide, the assistance provided could be the means used to produce the death (for instance, a gun or drug), the environment or place in which the act occurs, emotional support, or some combination of these elements. It is this assistance without participation in the lethal act that distinguishes assisted suicide from euthanasia. In euthanasia, the second person or assistant participates in the lethal act such as administering the drugs with the intention of ending the life of the first person.

Front 81

voluntary vs. non-voluntary euthanasia:

Back 81

: If the person who dies asked for or assented to his or her death, this is considered voluntary euthanasia because the will of the person was known.
Non-voluntary euthanasia is when the persons will is unknown such as if a person is unconscious or unable to make clear his or her choice for some other reason.

Front 82

active vs. passive euthanasia:

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Active euthanasia involves doing something to end suffering by ending a human life.
Passive euthanasia refers to either withholding some intervention necessary to sustain life or withdrawing some intervention that is currently in place and may be helping to sustain life.

Front 83

Who wrote that “Death can be portrayed as either a door or a wall?”

Back 83

Feifel

Front 84

Identify two of the Greek concepts of the afterlife.

Back 84

According to Socrates, man cannot know what death means in terms or our continued existence. He contended that we can only make a choice to believe on less than demonstrative proof.
Another Greek philosopher, Plato, believed in the “immortality of the soul.” He often portrayed the body as earthly or mortal and distinguished the “soul” as separate and immortal

Front 85

The Hebrew word often translated as “soul” means most simply __________.

Back 85

(Nepesh) means most simply “life”.

Front 86

Describe what Islam meant by references to a “form of life in the grave.”

Back 86

The soul of the person who has died is believed to visit the grave regularly in order to receive reward or punishment. The grave is seen as a center of transformation, molding, reshaping, preparation, and a place of resynthesis.

Front 87

Who was the founder of Buddhism?

Back 87

Sidhartha Gautama

Front 88

What is an NDE? What is your opinion of such a phenomenon?

Back 88

NDE are “near-death-experiences”

Front 89

What are the three features of NDE’s identified in the research by Kelly (2000).

Back 89

(1) enhanced mental processes at a time when physiological functioning is seriously impaired;
(2) the experience of being out of the body and viewing events going on around it as from a position above;
(3) and the awareness of remote events notaccessible to the person’s ordinary senses.

Front 90

HIV infection and AIDS were first brought to public attention in the U.S. in

Back 90

June of 1981 through a Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, a publication of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control.

Front 91

A “syndrome"

Back 91

a recognizable pattern of manifestation arising from an unknown cause

Front 92

Children infected with HIV

Back 92

cannot legally be prevented by their infection alone from attending school

Front 93

Side effects of the drugs used to treat HIV infection may include:

Back 93

These medications, especially after they have been used for many years, have short-term and long-term side effects, ranging from nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea to bone marrow suppression and toxic effects on the liver, kidneys, pancreas, or brain that result in diabetes, extremely high cholesterol, and dental problems.

Front 94

Principal Eras in Human Development

Back 94

I. infancy
T. toddlerhood
E. Early chilhood: play age, pre-school period.
M. Middle childhood: school age, latency period
A. Adolescence
Y. Young adulthood
M. Middle adulthood or Middle age
M. Maturity: old age, elderly

Front 95

Infancy

Back 95

-Birth through 12-18 months
-Basic Trust vs. mistrust
-Hope

Front 96

Toddlerhood

Back 96

-Infancy to 3 yrs
-Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
-Will or Self Control

Front 97

Early childhood: “play age, preschool period”

Back 97

-3-6 yrs
-Initiative vs. guilt
-Purpose or direction

Front 98

Middle childhood; “school age, latency period”

Back 98

-6 yrs to puberty
-Industry vs. inferiority
-Competency

Front 99

Adolescence

Back 99

-Puberty to about 21 or 22 yrs
-Identity vs. role confusion
-Fidelity

Front 100

Young Adulthood

Back 100

-21-22 to 45 yrs
-Intimacy vs. isolation
-Love

Front 101

Middle adulthood or middle age

Back 101

-45-65 yrs
-Generative vs. stagnation and self absorption
Production and care

Front 102

Maturity; sometimes called old age or the era of the elderly

Back 102

-65 yrs and older
-Ego integrity vs. despair -Renunciation and wisdom