Psych Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders

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medical model

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the conceptualization of psychological abnormalities as diseases that, like biological diseases, have symptoms and causes and possible cures

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DSM-IV-TR

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a classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems

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comorbidity

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the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

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diathesis-stress model

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suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental diorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

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a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance

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phobic disorders

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disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations

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specific phobia

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a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function

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social phobia

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a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed

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preparedness theory

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the idea that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears

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panic disorder

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a disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror

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agoraphobia

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an extreme fear of venturing into public places

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obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

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a disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (Compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual's functioning

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dissociative disorder

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a condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjoined and fragmented, creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years

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dissociative identity disorder (DID)

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the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individual's behavior

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dissociative amnesia

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the sudden loss of memory for significant personal information

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dissociative fugue

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the sudden loss of memory for one's personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity

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mood disorders

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mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature

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major depressive disorder

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a disorder characterized by a severly depressed mood that lasts 2 weeks or more and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances

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dysthymia

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a disorder that involves the same symptoms as in depression only less severe, but the symptoms last longer, persisting for at least 2 years

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double depression

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a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression

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seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

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depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern

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helplessness theory

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the idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experience to causes that are internal, stable, and global

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bipolar disorder

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an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)

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schizophrenia

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a disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior

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delusion

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a patently false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality

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hallucination

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a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation

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disorganized speech

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a severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic

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grossly disorganized behavior

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behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances

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catatonic behavior

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a marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity

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negative symptoms

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emotional and social withdrawal; apathy; poverty of speech; and other indications of the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior, motivation, and emotion

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dopamine hypothesis

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the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity

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expressed emotion

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emotinal overinvolvement (intrusiveness) and excessive criticism directed toward the former patient by his or her family

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personality disorder

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disorder characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning

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antisocial personality disorder (APD)

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a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood