Psych Chapter 5: Memory

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memory

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the ability to store and retrieve information over time

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encoding

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the process by which we transform what we perceive,think, or feel into an enduring memory

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storage

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the process of maintaining information in memory over time

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retrieval

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the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

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elaborative encoding

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the process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory

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visual imagery encoding

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the procss of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

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organizational encoding

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the act of categorizing information by noticing the relationships among a series of items

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memory storage

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the process of maintaining information in memory over time

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sensory memory store

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the place in which sensory information is kept for a few seconds or less

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iconic memory

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a fast-decaying store of visual information

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echoic memory

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a fast-decaying store of auditory information

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short-term memory store

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a place where nonsensory information is kept for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

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rehearsal

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the process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it

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chunking

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combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory

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working memory

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active maintenance of information in short-term storage

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long-term memory store

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a place in which information can be kept for hours, days, weeks, or years

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anterograde amnesia

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the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store

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retrograde amnesia

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the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation

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long-term potentiation (LTP)

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enhanced neural processing that results from the strengthening of synaptic connections

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NMDA receptor

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a hippocampal receptor site that influences the flow of information from one neuron to another across the synapse by controlling the initiation of long-term potentiation

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retrieval cue

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external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind

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encoding specificity principle

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the idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded

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state-dependent retrieval

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the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

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transfer-appropriate processing

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the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when we process information in a way that is appropriate to the retrieval cues that will be available later

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explicit memory

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the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences

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implicit memory

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the influence of past experiences on later behavior and performance, even though people are not trying to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them

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procedural memory

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the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how," to do things

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priming

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an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus

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semantic memory

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a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

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episodic memory

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the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

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transience

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forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

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retroactive interference

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situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier

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proactive interference

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situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later

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absentmindedness

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a lapse in attention that results in memory failure

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prospective memory

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remembering to do things in the future

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blocking

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a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

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tip-of-the-tongue experience

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the temporary inability to retrieve information that is stored in memory, accompanied by the feeling that you are on the verge of recovering the information

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memory misattribution

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assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

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source memory

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recall of when, where, and how information was acquired

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false recognition

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a feeling of familiarity about something that hasn't been encountered before

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suggestibility

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the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

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bias

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the distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

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persistence

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the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

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flashbulb memories

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detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events