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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is psychology? |
the study of the mind and behavior |
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psychology isn't |
1. phrenology 2. mind reading 3. psycho therapy 4. psychobabble 5. psuedoscience |
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5 pillars of psychology |
1. Biological - neuroscience - sensation 2. Cognitive - memory - perception 3. Development - learning - language 4. Social & Personality - intelligence - gender/culture 5. Mental & Physical Health - therapy |
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humans are biased in thinking |
-confirmation bias -power of anecdote -emotions often drive reasoning |
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Scientific Method |
1. Hypothesis - falsifiable - able to be disproved 2. Collect Data - objective - bias free - replicable 3. Analyze - accept or reject hypothesis 4. Sharing - ppl can criticize or replicate results |
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data collection should be |
-ethically sound -as representative as possible |
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Analyzing and Presenting Results |
- descriptive or inferential -accept or reject hypothesis -sharing -replicate |
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Scientific Method cant tell us 5 things |
-ethics, morals, values -preferences or aesthetics -existenial issues -religious questions -law |
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Types of Research |
- case studies - observations - surveys and tests - correlation - experiments |
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correlations |
- a thought experiment - strength of relationship b/t 2 variables |
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experiments |
- allow for most control 1. independent variable 2. dependent variable 3. experimental group 4. control group 5. random assignment |
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experimenter effects |
- single blind study - participants dont know what condition they are in - double blind study - participants and researcher dont know their group |
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elements of cognition |
- concepts - propositions - cognitive schemas - mental images |
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concepts |
mental category that groups similar things ex: apple, granny smith, fruit |
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propositions |
ink concepts in meaningful ways |
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mental image |
can exist in many sensory modalities |
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cognitive schemas |
mental models of the world |
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implicit learning |
do routine activities without consciously thinking |
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algorithim |
set of procedures that guarantees to produce a solution |
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heuristic |
mental shortcut that doesnt guarantee an optimal solution |
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reasoning |
purposeful mental activity that involves operation on information to reach a conclusion - slow, deliberative |
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dialetical reasoning |
process of comparing and evaulating opposing points of view |
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pre-reflective thinkers |
assume a correct answer & they "know" it bc they've seen it or some authority believes it |
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quasi - reflective |
if knoweledge is uncertain, then anyone can be equally right |
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reflective |
some things are uncertain but not all opinions are created equally |
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the framing effect |
- overestimate the improbable - affect heuristic - availability heuristic |
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hindsight bias |
- if we think we knew something all along it can make us worse at predicting things in the future |
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confirmation bias |
find evidence that confirms what we already know |
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mental sets |
tendency to try to solve a new problem using old strategies |
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cognitive dissonance |
-you hold 2 compatible cognitions -behavior is inconsistent with beliefs |
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reducing dissonance |
- reject belief - change behavior - deny evidence - rationalize |
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measure intelligence |
- stanford binet - (WISC - IV) - (WAIS - III) - IQ - mental age / chronical age x 100 |
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Steinbergs "Triarchic" Theory |
1. componential - acquire, store, process info 2. experiential - insight & creativity 3. contextual - think practically |
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emotional intelligence |
identify, express, & manage emotions |
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the environment and intelligence |
- poor prenatal care - malnutrition - exposure to toxins - stressful family experiences - disadvantaged neighborhoods |
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IQ & Success |
- motivation - success - attitude |
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confabulation |
- thought, heard, told others many times - event holds detail, easy to imagine |
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explicit memory |
conscious, intentional recall |
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recall |
retrieve and reproduce info |
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implicit memory |
- previous info affects us even though we dont remember it |
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box 1 - Sensory Register |
- not really important & then forget
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working memory |
controls attention, focuses on what we need and wards off what we dont |
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Box 2 - short term memory |
- 5 to 7 - stays for 30 secs - use chunks to hold more |
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Box 3 - long term memory |
- organized by semantic categories - limitless capacity - info is organized carefully |
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4 parts of Long term memory |
-procedural -declarative -semantic -episodic |
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procedural |
- knowing how - implicit - least likely to forget |
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declarative |
-knowing that - explicit |
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semantic |
- general knoweledge |
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episodic |
- personal recollections |
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primacy effect |
- remember things at the beginning |
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recency effect |
- remember things at the end |
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how we remember |
-mnemonics - effective encoding : studying, connections - rehearsal - retrieval practice |
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why we forget |
- decay - replacement - interfere - cue dependent : lack hints, lost in mind - repression : amnesia from brain damage |
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state dependent |
we remember if we are in the same mental & physical state from original experience |
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memory and narrative |
1. audience and purpose 2. culture 3. themes create cognitive schemas |
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sensation |
- detection of physcial energy emitted or reflected |
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perception |
mental operations that organize sensory impulses into meaningful patterns ex: eye of beholder |
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senses |
- vision - hearing - touch - taste - smell - temperature - pressure - pain |
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Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies |
- dif senses interpreted by dif parts of brain - see w/ brain not eye |
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absolute threshold |
smallest amount of energy that a person can reliably detect - 50% |
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difference thresholds |
smallest change in energy a person can detect |
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selective attention |
ability to focus on some aspects of the environment and ignore the others |
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in-attentional blindness |
when we are really focused on one thing, we miss out on another thing |
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vision - what we see |
1. hue : wavelength - distance 2. brightness : amount of intensity - amplitude 3. saturation : colorfulness or translucence - wide/narrow |
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Trichromatic theory |
- 1st level processing - retina - 3 cones : red, green, blue |
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opponent process theory |
1. red & green 2. blue & yellow 3. black & white |
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Gestalt principles |
strategies used by the visual system to group things into units 1. proximity 2. similarity 3. closure - complete pic 4. continuity |
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convergence |
turn eyes inward to focus ex pencil |
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retina disparity |
slight difference in objects as seen differently by right and left |
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monocular cues |
1. light & shadow - 3 dimension 2. interposition - overlap 3. motion paralax - car window 4. relative size - bigger = closer 5. relative clarity - things closer are clearer 6. texture gradient - up close more distinct 7. linear perspective - ine |
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perceptual constancy definition |
perceive objects as stable even though patterns are constantly shifting |
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perceptual constancy components |
1. size 2. shape 3. location 4. brightness 5. color |
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loudness |
- intensity of waves pressure - amplitude - measured in decibles
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pitch |
- frequency of sound wave - one cycle per second - hertz - healthy young person hears 16 HZ |
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timbre |
distinguishing quality of sound |
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gestalt principles of sound |
1. proximity - cluster 2. continuity - follow |
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distance & direction |
- distance determined by loudness - direction by the fact we have 2 ears - echolocation |
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taste - gustation |
- chemicals stimulate thousands of receptors in mouth - 500 to 10,000 taste buds - no specific taste zones |
