Psych 351 Test 1

Front 1

Social psychology is defined as the scientific study of how people

Back 1

think about, influence, and relate to one another

Front 2

The experimental factor that a reseracher manipulates in a study is called the ________ variable.

Back 2

independent

Front 3

Socially shared beliefs are widely held ideas and values, which include our assumptions and cultural ideologies. This is a definition of

Back 3

Social representations

Front 4

An experimenter exposed participants to different room temperatures to determine their effects on aggression. Aggression was the

Back 4

dependent variable

Front 5

Another name for the "I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon" is the

Back 5

Hindsight bias

Front 6

Variable X is correlated with Variable Y. Which of the following could explain this correlation?

Back 6

X causes Y,
Y causes X,
A third variable causes or influences both X and Y

Front 7

Your psych professor tells you that she is collecting data on the amount that students study and their grades (so that she can determine if there is a relationship between hrs spent studying and grades). Which type of research is this?

Back 7

correlational research

Front 8

The major purpose of random assignment in an experiment is to

Back 8

minimize the differences between groups

Front 9

_______ is defined as the beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information

Back 9

Self-schema

Front 10

When it comes to predicting the intensity and duration of our future emotions, research indicates that most people

Back 10

experience great difficulty

Front 11

According to the results of the Kahan and Johnson (1992) study mentioned in the text, two days after a conversation with someone our recall is best for what

Back 11

the other person said about us

Front 12

Being a musician in a band, you seem to pay attention when other people are discussing music and easily remember their musical preferences. This tendency is referred to as the

Back 12

self-reference effect

Front 13

Practice that forms new habits, albeit slowly, tends to change what type of attitudes?

Back 13

Implicit

Front 14

When we accommodate and adjust to personal injuries, romantic breakups, and exam failures, we cope more readily than we would expect. Wilson and Gilbert (2003) referred to this phenomenon as

Back 14

immune neglect

Front 15

Your best friend earned a grade of F on her latest physics exam, and believes it was because the professor wrote a very difficult exam. She therefore has a(n) _______ locus of control.

Back 15

external

Front 16

According to the self-serving bias, we tend to attribute our successes to _______ and our losses to _______.

Back 16

skill; chance

Front 17

John is nervous about his tennis match, but he still stays out late instead of getting a good night’s sleep the night before the match. This could be an example of

Back 17

Self-handicapping

Front 18

Adjusting one's behavior in response to external situations to create the desired impression

Back 18

What is self-monitoring

Front 19

Despite reading numerous research studies that report the association of fast food consumption with heart disease and diabetes, Rachel continues to eat fast food and thinks that it is harmless. Rachel’s thinking is an example of

Back 19

belief perseverance

Front 20

Your summer vacation was perhaps not an overwhelmingly positive event, but during the final week of August, you remember it as being a fantastic time. This is an example of

Back 20

reconstucting out past attitudes

Front 21

Each semester you repeatedly underestimate how long it will take you to complete a research paper that is due at the end of the term. Your behavior is an example of the

Back 21

overconfidence phenomenon

Front 22

One reason people are overconfident is that they are not inclined to seek out information...

Back 22

that might disprove what they believe

Front 23

According to research done by Miller and his colleagues (1975), if you want young children to put trash in wastebaskets, you should repeatedly

Back 23

congratulate them for being neat and tidy

Front 24

Assuming most crimes involve violence because the news generally reports on rapes, robberies, and beatings is an example of the _______ heuristic

Back 24

availability

Front 25

Counterfactual thinking is more likely when

Back 25

we can easily picture an alternative outcome

Front 26

Research by Abbey (1998) found that _______ are likely to attribute a _______ friendliness to mild sexual interest.

Back 26

men; women

Front 27

According to the text, many men assume women are flattered by repeated requests for dates, which women more often see as harassing. This is an example of

Back 27

misattribution

Front 28

Misha is struggling with her computer. She is asked if she has difficulty using other computers on campus. The answer to this question provides information about _______. What about if she was asked if she usually encounters difficulty when using her computer? _______

Back 28

distinctiveness; Consistency

Front 29

According to a study by Burger and Pavelich (1994), voters were more likely to attribute the outcome of an election to the _______ the day after a presidential election, and to the _______ a year after the election.

Back 29

Candidate's personal traits and positions; nation's economy

Front 30

In _______ cultures, people are less likely to perceive others in terms of personal dispositions.

Back 30

collectivistic

Front 31

When social psychologists try to measure attitudes of people they end up measuring

Back 31

Expressed attitudes

Front 32

Research conducted on prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviors revealed that college students who expressed higher than average feelings of prejudice toward Arab Americans were

Back 32

More willing than those low in prejudice to convey bad news to Arabs

Front 33

A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave is what social psychologists call a(n)

Back 33

Role

Front 34

The effect of _______ on _______ was vividly demonstrated in Zimbardo’s (1971) classic study of a simulated prison.

Back 34

Roles; behaviors

Front 35

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later to a larger request is called the _______ phenomenon.

Back 35

foot-in-the-door

Front 36

A variation of the foot-in-the-door technique is often used by car dealers, because it typically results in people complying with higher and higher requests. It is called the _______ technique.

Back 36

low-ball

Front 37

The research indicates that if you wish to love someone more, you should

Back 37

act as if you do

Front 38

The tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions is called

Back 38

cognitive dissonance

Front 39

The attitudes-follow-behavior effect is strongest when

Back 39

people feel that they have some choice in their behavior

Front 40

After much deliberation, you decide on a college to attend. After you have made your decision, you find yourself reducing any dissonance by _______ the chosen university and _______ the unchosen universities.

Back 40

upgrading; downgrading

Front 41

Myra’s neighbor, a little boy, practices his saxophone loudly and annoyingly. According to the overjustification effect, if Myra wants to get him to quit playing, she should

Back 41

pay him to play and then offer him less and less

Front 42

Dissonance theory explains attitude _______, whereas self-perception theory explains attitude _______.

Back 42

Change; formation

Front 43

As mentioned in the textbook, the daily flag salute by school children in the U.S. is an attempt to use _______ to build _______.

Back 43

public conformity; private beliefs

Front 44

Myers argues that the major strength of correlational research is the

Back 44

fact that it occurs in real-world settings

Front 45

Compared to those with low self-esteem, people with a sense of self-worth are

Back 45

happier

Front 46

According to Myers’ discussion on social comparison, people typically _______ the standards by which they evaluate their own attainments when they experience a(n) _______ in affluence, status, or achievement.

Back 46

raise; increase

Front 47

Which of the following strategies might be helpful in reducing the overconfidence bias?

Back 47

Get people to think about why their judgments might be wrong

Front 48

Education and persuasion tend to change what type of attitudes?

Back 48

Explicit

Front 49

Jeremy loses his former interest in doing arithmetic after his teacher promises him $1 for each problem he solves correctly. Which theory best explains Jeremy’s loss of interest in arithmetic?

Back 49

Self-perception theory

Front 50

Time-lagged correlations, according to the text, are an advanced correlational technique that can reveal the _______ variables or events, such as achievement and self-esteem.

Back 50

sequence of

Front 51

Myers discussion of the relationship between self-esteem and academic achievement concludes that

Back 51

both self-esteem and academic achievement are likely caused by a third variable

Front 52

The insufficient justification effect involves reducing dissonance by _______ justifying one’s behavior when _______ justification is insufficient.

Back 52

internally; external

Front 53

According to the text, _______ realism is not as important in social psychological research as _______ realism is.

Back 53

mundane; experimental