Psych 317 Final Exam

Front 1

Jealousy as a situational or cultural emotion

Back 1

cultural norms might be influencing our currently negative view of jealousy suggests that under certain conditions, perhaps in another time and place (situational), we might find jealousy less reprehensible—even acceptable / in cultures that place little value on fidelity and sexual exclusivity, jealousy is a less common experience/ the greater the value placed on fidelity and sexual exclusivity, the more likely there will be negative emotional and behavioral responses to relationship threats

Front 2

Jealousy as a subtype of major emotions

Back 2

as a type of anger, or perhaps a blend of anger, sadness, and fear

Front 3

Jealousy as a subtype of major emotion

Back 3

primary emotion: anger
subtypes:perhaps a blend of anger, sadness, and fear

Front 4

Fait accompli jealousy

Back 4

a form of jealousy that occurs when betrayal is a certainty, it is characterized by feelings of sadness, anxiety or anger

Front 5

suspicious jealousy

Back 5

a form of jealousy that occurs when one suspects a betrayal, it is characterized by feelings of anxiety and insecurity

Front 6

Fait accompli vs. suspicious jealousy

Back 6

suspicious jealousy and fait accompli jealousy occur when one focuses either on the betrayal or on the loss, respectively; research shows that men are more prone to suspicious jealousy and women are more prone to fait accompli jealousy.

Front 7

Definition of jealousy

Back 7

refers to a threat to the exclusivity of a sexual or intimate relationship

Front 8

Envy

Back 8

refers to coveting another person’s possessions

Front 9

Envy vs. jealousy

Back 9

two distinct emotions, one possessional and one threatening

Front 10

Chronic jealousy

Back 10

individuals with this might curb their jealousy by increasing their self-confidence and independence; need therapy

Front 11

Sources of jealousy

Back 11

the person, the partner, the rival: the person most likely suffers from lower self esteem, has lower life satisfaction feels more negatively toward the world, is more likely to have an external locus of control, is likely to be dogmatic, is likely to experience greater reactivity to negative events

Front 12

Formative attention

Back 12

attention from others that sustains part of our self-concept

Front 13

Self-evaluation maintenance model

Back 13

this approach focuses on the interaction between rival characteristics and the jealous person’s self-evaluation

Front 14

Transactional model of jealousy

Back 14

moderated by 3 variables: commitment, insecurity, and arousibility/ operate on 3 levels to determine the intensity of jealousy: the individual, the relationship, the situation

Front 15

Gender differences in jealousy (men)

Back 15

more likely to react by becoming angry, getting drunk or high, verbally threatening the interloper, and also feel flattered by the intruder’s attention and feel aroused by their partner

Front 16

Gender differences in jealousy (women)

Back 16

be depressed, try to make themselves more attractive, and cry when alone

Front 17

Evolutionary theory of jealousy

Back 17

research shows that genetic similarity is linked with a lower level of sexual responsiveness of the woman, men may feel threatened by both their partners’ lack of sexual interest and the likely prospect of infidelity; leading to jealousy/ this approach explains sex differences in infidelity

Front 18

Jealousy as a specific innate model

Back 18

a pattern of sex differences in jealousy where sexual infidelity is the trigger of jealousy for men, and emotional infidelity is the trigger for women: men are concerned with parental certainty and so sexual infidelity of their partner is of paramount concern, women are concerned with the withdrawal of support form their offspring and so emotional fidelity of their partner is of special concern

Front 19

Reactions to jealousy

Back 19

men’s jealousy is driven by their desire to protect their egos, men are more threatened by other men who are exceptional on dimensions important to the men themselves/ women’s jealously seems to be driven by their desire to protect the relationship, women are more threatened by rivals who possess traits important to their partner

Front 20

Johnson’s typology of violence styles: intimate terrorism

Back 20

the individual is violent and controlling while his partner is not

Front 21

Johnson’s typology of violence styles:violent resistance

Back 21

one partner is violent and not controlling, while their partner is both violent and controlling

Front 22

Johnson’s typology of violence styles: situational couple violence

Back 22

the individual is violent, but neither the individual, nor the partner are controlling

Front 23

Johnson’s typology of violence styles: mutual violent control

Back 23

both partners are violent and controlling

Front 24

Revised conflict tactics scale

Back 24

this includes a subscale for physical violence, does a good job of determining whether violence has occurred in a relationship, not so good at measuring violence that is not a result of conflict, such as intimate terrorism/ ties violence to conflict, so instances of violence can go unreported/ measure psychological and physical attacks on a partner in a marital, cohabiting, or dating relationship; and also use of negotiation

Hint 24

This has (a) additional items to enhance content validity and reliability; (b) revised wording to increase clarity and specificity; (c) better differentiation between minor and severe levels of each scale; (d) new scales to measure sexual coercion and physical injury; and (e) a new format to simplify administration and reduce response sets. Reliability ranges from .79 to .95. There is preliminary evidence of construct validity.

Front 25

Negative health behaviors associated with being a victim of domestic violence

Back 25

physical injuries include bruises, cuts, black eyes, concussions, broken bones, scars, and permanent injuries to joints, hearing or vision/ psychological injuries may include PTSD that is characterized by fear and terror, flashbacks, denial and avoidance, loss of memory, constricted affect, anxiety, insomnia, and nightmares

Front 26

Dismissing violence as a cyclical phenomenon

Back 26

violence is not necessarily cyclical in nature- perceived circular nature of violence might be due to the misinterpretation of the fact that violence cannot occur constantly

Front 27

Myopia

Back 27

appropriate behavior choices may become restricted

Hint 27

alcohol may lead to this

Front 28

Alcohol and domestic violence

Back 28

there is little empirical support for a direct link between alcohol consumption and relationship violence, although alcohol can increase aggression and may lead to myopia; violent alcoholics become problem drinkers earlier, often have a history of antisocial behavior, are more likely to have been arrested and often have other problems associated with drinking, unstable drinking patters, or binge drinking, is associated with relationship violence rather than drinking in and of itself/ alcohol’s impact on relationship violence is complex and occurs at the physiological, affective, and cognitive levels

Front 29

Minneapolis police study

Back 29

Sherman and Berk (1984)- police officers in two areas with the highest rate of domestic violence agreed that when called to sites of misdemeanor domestic assault, to randomly: 1. Arrest offenders, 2. Separate the offender and victim for at least 8 hours or dispense advice- to check for recidivism rates, additional data from subsequent police reports were collected along with interviews of the victims within six months of the incident, preliminary evidence strongly suggested that arresting the perpetrator worked and 15 states passed laws making arrest mandatory, replication studies in other cities and states failed to support the initial evidence, and in three cities, it was found that arrest actually escalated repeat violence, basing public policy on a single study in not a good idea, and it appears that arrest does work if the perpetrator has a lot to lose, personally and professionally

Front 30

Need for power – gender differences

Back 30

men and women do not appear to differ in their respective need for this, but do seem to express it in different ways, Winter traced these gender differences to socialization

Front 31

Need for power – gender differences (males)

Back 31

demonstrated the proclivity for alcohol and drug use, physical and verbal aggression, gambling, exploitive sex, unstable relationships, and overall oppression of the opposite sex

Front 32

Need for power – gender differences (females)

Back 32

tended to express their need in more socially responsible ways, such as: holding office in student government, attaining visibility by writing letters to editors, acquiring possessions of high status, framing their artwork, planning to have power-related careers such as teaching, therapy, journalism, and the clergy
Women are more likely to be socialized to be nurturant and more likely to receive responsibility training than men and women without younger siblings demonstrated higher levels of profligate impulsivity

Front 33

Sexual harassment

Back 33

unwanted sexual advances between strangers or acquaintances, often in school or work settings

Front 34

Quid pro quo harassment

Back 34

attempts to extort sexual cooperation by job-related threats/ pressure

Front 35

Hostile environment harassment

Back 35

pervasive unwanted verbal or physical conduct- w/o job-related consequences

Front 36

Transformational view of conflict

Back 36

suggests that conflict is essential for relationship growth/ when describing relationship conflict, this theoretical position maintains that conflict is essential for relationship growth

Front 37

Definition of conflict

Back 37

the interpersonal process that occurs whenever the actions of one person interfere with the action of another

Front 38

Brickman’s four types of conflict

Back 38

conflict can also be defined by the degree to which it is predictable and adheres to rules of engagement: fully structured- debates, partially structures - games, competitions, unstructured- fights, revolutionary- metaconflicts over the very rules of engagement

Front 39

Age and conflict

Back 39

time mediates the occurrence of conflict in a number of ways: older couples have had ample time and opportunity to deal with and resolve important issues, different issues are important at different ages, older couples experience fewer emotional extremes: the causes of conflict change with age and the affective picture of love in the twilight years

Front 40

Attributions and conflict

Back 40

ttributions about our partner’s behavior can internal or external, stable or unstable

Front 41

Brickman’s four types of conflict

Back 41

conflict can also be defined by the degree to which it is predictable and adheres to rules of engagement: fully structured- debates, partially structures - games, competitions, unstructured- fights, revolutionary- metaconflicts over the very rules of engagement

Front 42

Attributions and conflict
External Attributions

Back 42

behavior is explained in terms of the situation

Front 43

Age and conflict

Back 43

time mediates the occurrence of conflict in a number of ways: older couples have had ample time and opportunity to deal with and resolve important issues, different issues are important at different ages, older couples experience fewer emotional extremes: the causes of conflict change with age and the affective picture of love in the twilight years

Front 44

Attributions and conflict

Back 44

ttributions about our partner’s behavior can internal or external, stable or unstable

Front 45

Attributions and conflict
Internal Attributions

Back 45

behavior is explained in terms of internal, personal attributes such as abilities, skills, and inherent traits.

Front 46

Attributions and conflict
External Attributions

Back 46

behavior is explained in terms of the situation

Front 47

Attributions and conflict
Internal Attributions

Back 47

behavior is explained in terms of internal, personal attributes such as abilities, skills, and inherent traits.

Front 48

Attributions and conflict
stable and unstable

Back 48

Stable attributions are fixed and constant, whereas unstable attributions are more variable and changeable (e.g. mood, fate, luck)

Hint 48

entailment model suggests that conflicts are preceded by a chain reaction of events starting at casual judgments that cascade to responsibility judgments

Front 49

Constructive/destructive and active/passive approaches to conflict

Back 49

expression and avoidance (activity/passivity) and constructive destructive, can be combined to yield 4 distinct responses to conflict: exit (d), voice, loyalty (c), and neglect (d).

Front 50

Gottman’s couple types

Back 50

stable: validators- use expression and constructive conflict resolution strategies, volatiles- expressive and emotional/ express both positive and negative affect, and avoiders- avoid discussing problems; use passage of time to reduce conflict unstable: hostile- high levels of conflict engagement, tend to be defensive, judgmental, blaming and hostile/detached- high levels of conflict but emotionally detached

Hint 50

categorized couples based on their communication patters and conflict engagement styles/ longitudinal study of married couples identified 5 different types of couples and found links among relationship satisfaction and conflict engagement style

Front 51

Duck’s reasons for dissolution

Back 51

preexisting doom-the partners are so ill-matched that dissolution is inevitable, mechanical failure- couples can’t seem to work things and resolve their conflict, sudden death- one partner betrays the other by breaking cardinal rules of the relationship

Front 52

Duck’s stage model of dissolution
the intrapsychic stage

Back 52

the unhappy individual ruminates and ponders those issues that are of concern in the relationship

Front 53

Duck’s stage model of dissolution

Back 53

the intrapsychic stage, the dyadic stage, the social phase and the grave dressing phase

Front 54

Duck’s stage model of dissolution
the dyadic phase

Back 54

issues of concern and points of personal concern are made public, debated, and conflicted between the partners

Front 55

Duck’s stage model of dissolution
the social phase

Back 55

the unhappy state of the relationship and impending dissolution is shared with significant social others

Front 56

Duck’s stage model of dissolution
the grave dressing phase

Back 56

a final and neat account of what led to the demise of the relationship is generated

Front 57

Fisher’s view of the myth of the 7 year itch

Back 57

believes this myth should be 4 years instead of 7 because the length of the human reproductive cycle is roughly 4 years- thus it is not conflict that leads to dissolution, but the absence of the proper relationship structures interacting with their resultant brain chemicals that lead to the weakening of passion and the increasing interest in alternative relationships

Front 58

Gottman’s predictors of divorce

Back 58

harsh startup- disagreements that start with negativity will likely end in greater negativity, the four horsemen of the apocalypse- criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling, flooding- occurs when one partner’s criticism, contempt, or defensiveness becomes overwhelming to the point of being overbearing, body language- physiological arousal that makes rational discussion and problem solving impossible, failed repair attempts- when repair attempts that were once used successfully, such as an apology, joke, smile, or laugh now fail, bad memories- the history of the relationship is now recalled with a negative cast

Front 59

Loneliness

Back 59

an aversive state representing the flip side of attraction and belonging / four distinct types of loneliness: 1. Social estrangement 2. Emotional isolation 3. Depressive loneliness 4. Esteem loneliness / 5 casual factors that contribute to loneliness: 1. Personal inadequacies 2. Developmental deficits 3. Unfulfilling intimate relationships 4. Relocation/significant separation 5. Social marginality