Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
the scientific study of how people affect and are affected by others
|
social psychology
|
|
|
who observed that attitudes were the most important concept in social psychology?
|
Gordon Allport
|
|
|
Who formulated that behavior was a function of the person and the situation?
|
Kurt Levin
|
|
|
2 camps of social psych:
|
behaviorism
Freudian psychoanalysis |
|
|
sought to explain all of psychology in terms of learning principles such as reward and punishment
|
behaviorism
|
|
|
preferred elaborate interpretations of individual experiences instead of systematic studies that counted behaviors
|
Freudian psychoanalysis
|
|
|
first social psych textbooks written by?
|
Edward Ross and William McDougall, Floyd Alllport soon after
|
|
|
ABC Triad:
|
Affect - how people feel inside
Behavior - what people do, their actions Cognition - what people think about |
|
|
the study of human culture--the shared values, beliefs, and practices of a group of people
|
anthropology
|
|
|
the study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, and the study of money
|
economics
|
|
|
the study of political organizations and institutions, especially governments
|
political science
|
|
|
the study of human societies and the groups that form those societies
|
sociology
|
|
|
the study of human behavior
|
psychology
|
|
|
the study of what happens in the brain, nervous system, and other aspects of the body
|
biological psychology/physiological psychology/neuroscience
|
|
|
focuses on behavior disorders and other forms of mental illness, and how to treat them
|
clinical psychology
|
|
|
the study of thought processes, such as how memory works and what people notice
|
cognitive psychology
|
|
|
the study of how people change across their lives, from conception and birth to old age and death
|
developmental psychology
|
|
|
the branch of psychology that focuses on important differences between individuals
|
personality psychology
|
|
|
"love of wisdom"; the pursuit of knowledge about fundamental matters such as life, death, meaning, reality, and truth
|
philosophy
|
|
|
research that focuses on solving particular practical problems
|
applied research
|
|
|
steps of the scientific method
|
1.researcher states a problem for study
2. researcher formulates a testable hypothesis 3. researcher designs a study to test the hypothesis and collects data 4. a test is made of the hypothesis by confronting it with the data 5. researcher communicates study results |
|
|
an idea about the possible nature of reality; a prediction tested in an experiment
|
hypothesis
|
|
|
an experiment in which each participant is exposed to all levels of the IV
|
within-subjects design
|
|
|
an experiment in which each participant is exposed to only one level of the IV
|
between-subjects design
|
|
|
unobservable constructs that are linked together in some logical way
|
theories
|
|
|
observable operations, procedures, and measurements that are based on the independent and dependent variables
|
operational definitions
|
|
|
a research assistant pretending to be another participant in a study
|
confederate
|
|
|
the extent to which the IV is a valid representation of the theoretical stimulus
|
construct validity of the case
|
|
|
the extent to which the DV is a valid representation of the theoretical response
|
construct validity of the effect
|
|
|
a study in which the researcher manipulates an IV and randomly assigns people to groups (levels of the IV)
|
experiment
|
|
|
a type of study in which the researcher can manipulate an IV but cannot use random assignment
|
quasi-experiment
|
|
|
the extent to which changes in the IV caused changes in the DV
|
internal validity
|
|
|
occurs when the effects of two variables can not be separated
|
confounding
|
|
|
an experiment that includes more than one IV or factor
|
factorial design
|
|
|
the effect of a single IV on the DV, ignoring the effects of the other IVs
|
main effect
|
|
|
the joint effects of more than one IV on the DV
|
interaction
|
|
|
an unpleasant emotional response that people often experience when someone is trying to restrict their freedom
|
reactance
|
|
|
an experiment conducted in a real-world setting
|
field experiment
|
|
|
the extent to which study participants get so caught up in the procedures that they forget they are in an experiment
|
experimental realism
|
|
|
the extent to which the setting of an experiment physically resembles the real world
|
mundane realism
|
|
|
the extent to which the findings from a study can be generalized to other people, other settings, and other time periods
|
external validity
|
|
|
a nonexperimental method in which the researcher merely observes whether variables are associated or related
|
correlational approach
|
|
|
a quantitative literature review that combines the statistical results from all studies conducted on a topic
|
meta-analysis
|
|
|
repeating a study to be sure similar results can be obtained
|
replication
|
|
|
a broader term for mind, encompassing emotions, desires, perceptions, and all other psychological processes
|
psyche
|
|
|
the physical world around us, including its laws and processes
|
nature
|
|
|
living longer
|
survival
|
|
|
animals that seek connections to others and prefer to live, work, and play with other members of their species
|
social animals
|
|
|
the view that evolution shaped the human psyche so as to enable humans to create and take part in culture
|
cultural animal
|
|
|
practical ways of doing things
|
prazix
|
|
|
an information-based system that includes shared ideas and common ways of doing things
|
culture
|
|
|
the idea that the mind has two different processing systems (conscious and automatic)
|
duplex mind
|
|
|
the part of the mind outside of consciousness that performs simple operations
|
automatic system
|
|
|
the part of the mind that performs complex operations
|
conscious system
|
|
|
a set of beliefs about oneself
|
self-knowledge/self-concept
|
|
|
the image of the self that is conveyed to others
|
interpersonal self/public self
|
|
|
the part of the self involved in control, including both control over other people and self-control
|
agent self/executive function
|
|
|
a person's inner thoughts and feelings
|
self as impulse
|
|
|
the way a person acts in public, especially in official roles
|
self as institution
|
|
|
a self-concept that emphasizes what makes the self different and sets it apart from others
|
independent self-construal
|
|
|
a self-concept that emphasizes what connects the self to other people and groups
|
interdependent self-construal
|
|
|
the different roles a person plays, as in a play or a movie
|
social roles
|
|
|
attention directed at the self
|
self-awareness
|
|
|
looking inward on the private aspects of the self, including emotions, thoughts, desires, and traits
|
private self-awareness
|
|
|
looking outward on the public aspects of the self that others can see and evaluate
|
public self-awareness
|
|
|
ideas (concepts) of how things might possibly be
|
standards
|
|
|
the process people use to control and change their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
|
self-regulation
|
|
|
thinking about how others perceive you
|
public self-consciousness
|
|
|
the idea that people learn about themselves by imagining how they appear to others
|
looking-glass self
|
|
|
a combination of other people's views that tells you who and what you are
|
generalized other
|
|
|
the process by which a person examines the contents of his or her mind and mental states
|
introspection
|
|
|
three components to looking-glass self
|
you imagine how you appear to others
you imagine how others will judge you you develop an emotional response as a result |
|
|
examining the difference between oneself and another person
|
social comparison
|
|
|
comparing yourself to people better than you
|
upward social comparison
|
|
|
comparing yourself to people worse off than you
|
downward social comparison
|
|
|
the theory that people observe their own behavior to infer what they are thinking and how they are feeling
|
self-perception theory
|
|
|
the image of the self that is currently active in the person's thoughts
|
phenomenal self/working self-concept
|
|
|
wanting to perform an activity for its own sake
|
intrinsic motivation
|
|
|
performing an activity because of something that results from it
|
extrinsic motivation
|
|
|
the tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with rewards
|
overjustification effect
|
|
|
the simple desire to learn the truth about oneself, whatever it is
|
appraisal motive
|
|
|
the desire to learn favorable or flattering things about the self
|
self-enhancement motive
|
|
|
a desire to get feedback that confirms what the person already believes about himself or herself
|
consistency motive
|
|
|
putting obstacles in the way of one's own performance so that anticipated or possible failure can be blamed on the obstacles instead of on lack of ability
|
self-handicapping
|
|
|
response by the automatic system that "everything good is me, and everything bad is not me"
|
automatic egotism
|
|
|
the finding that information bearing on the self is processed more thoroughly and more deeply, and hence remembered better, than other information
|
self-reference effect
|
|
|
the finding that items gain in value to the person who owns them
|
endowment effect
|
|
|
how favorably someone evaluates himself or herself
|
self-esteem
|
|
|
trying to avoid loss of esteem
|
self-protection
|
|
|
mental tricks people use to help them believe things that are false
|
self-deception strategies
|
|
|
a pattern in which people claim credit for success but deny blame for failure
|
self-serving bias
|
|
|
excessive self-love and selfish orientation
|
narcissism
|
|
|
a measure of how desirable one would be to other people
|
sociometer
|
|
|
any behavior that seeks to convey some image of self or some information about the self to other people
|
self-presentation
|
|
|
in decision making, the greater weight given to possible losses than possible gains
|
risk aversion
|
|
|
in decision making, the greater weight given to the present over the future
|
temporal discounting
|
|
|
in decision making, the greater weight given to definite outcomes than to probabilities
|
certainty effect
|
|
|
the idea that both men and women seek to minimize the most costly type of error, but that men's and women's goals, and hence worst errors, differ
|
error management theory
|
|
|
the preference to keep things the way they are rather than change
|
status quo bias
|
|
|
the tendency to take whatever course of action does not require you to do anything (also called the default option)
|
omission bias
|
|
|
the idea that people are distressed by their loss of freedom or options and seek to reclaim or reassert them
|
reactance theory
|
|
|
those who believe that traits are fixed, stable things (entities) and thus people should not be expected to change
|
entity theorists
|
|
|
those who believe that traits are subject to change and improvement
|
incremental theorists
|
|
|
belief that one's actions will not bring about desired outcomes, leading one to give up and quit trying
|
learned helplessness
|
|
|
the theory that people need to feel at least some degree of autonomy and internal motivation
|
self-determination theory
|
|
|
a reduction in stress or suffering due to a belief that one has the option of escaping or controlling the situation, even if one doesn't exercise it
|
panic button effect
|
|
|
an idea of some desired future state
|
goal
|
|
|
a tendency to experience automatic, intrusive thoughts about a goal whose pursuit has been interrupted
|
zeigarnik effect
|
|
|
when the activation of a focal goal the person is working on inhibits the accessibility of alternative goals
|
goal shielding
|
|
|
the tendency for plans to be overly optimistic because teh planner fails to allow for unexpected problems
|
planning fallacy
|
|
|
the self's capacity to alter its own responses; self-control
|
self-regulation
|
|
|
keeping track of behaviors or responses to be regulated
|
monitoring
|
|
|
the self-regulation feedback loop of test, operate, test, exit
|
tote
|
|
|
the active phase of self-regulation; willpower
|
capacity for change
|
|
|
any action by which pepole bring failure, suffering, or misfortune on themselves
|
self-defeating behavior
|
|
|
the ability to make immediate sacrifices for later rewards
|
capacity to delay gratification
|
