Psych 101

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determinism

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assumption that every event had physical, potentially measurable causes

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skepticism

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the attitude that doubts all claims not supported by research

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operational definition

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definition of behaviors or qualities in terms of the procedures used to measure or produce them

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debriefing participants

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psychologists alleviate possible harm caused by deception by ___________

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replicated

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to evaluate the external validity of a research finding, the study should be ________

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associated

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when there is a strong positive correlation between two variable, the variables are _________

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descriptive statistics

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measures of variance and central tendency

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behavioral neuroscience

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field of studies that physiological bases of human and animal behavior and mental processes

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evolutionary psychology

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study of the evolution of behavior through natural selection

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genetic inheritance

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the proportion of variability in a trait across a population attributable to genetic differences among members of the population

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nervous system

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chief means of communication in the body

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central nervous system

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brain and spinal chord

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autonomic nervous system

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division of the peripheral nervous system that controls automatic, involuntary, physiological processes

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sympathetic nervous system

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division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body

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adrenal gland

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the _______ ________ is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate the excretion of minerals and the body's response to stress

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dendrites

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branchlike structures of the neuron the receive neural impulses

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maturation

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the sequential unfolding of inherited predispositions in physical and motor development

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longitudinal research

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research design in which the same group of participants is tested or observed repeatedly over a period of time

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fetal alcohol syndrome

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a disorder marked by physical defects and intellectual disability that can afflict the offspring of women who drink alcohol during pregnancy

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schema

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the cognitive structure that guides people's perception and information processing that incorporates the characteristics of particular persons, objects, events, procedures, or situations

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assimilation

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the cognitive process that interprets new information in light of existing schemas

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object performance

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the realization that objects exist even when they are not visible

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caring and relief of distress

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According to Carol Gillian, women's moral reasoning is oriented toward . . .

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Eriksonian theory

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8 stages of psychosocial development, infancy to late adulthood including developing identity

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accommodation

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the cognitive process that revises existing schemas to incorporate new information

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sensation

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the process that detects stimuli for the body or surrounding

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sensory receptors

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specialized cells detect stimuli and convert their energy int neural impulses

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absolute threshold

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the minimum amount of stimulation that an individual can detect through a given sense

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blind spot

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the place where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye is called the _______

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why do we have after images?

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stimulus inhibits their opponent color. on removal the compliments is seen (green or yellow)

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top-down processing

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the idea that our expectations influence our sensations and thus lead to our perception

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perception

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the process that organizes sensations into meaningful patterns

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touch

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the sense that bonds parents and babies, and lovers

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ESP

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possible to have knowledge of external stimuli without stimulation of the sensory receptor

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consciousness

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awareness of one's own cognitive activity, including thoughts, feelings, and sensations

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attention

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the process by which the individual focuses awareness on certain contents if consciousness while ignoring others

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automatic processing

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information processing that requires less conscious awareness and cognitive effort and that does not interfere with the performance if other ongoing activities

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preconscious mind

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the level of consciousness that contains feelings and memories that we are unaware of at the moment but can become aware of at will

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REM sleep

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the stage of sleep associated with rapid eye movements an active brainwave pattern and vivid dreams

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dissociation

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state in which the mind is split into two or more independent streams of consciousness

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psychoactive drugs

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chemicals that induce changes in mood thinking perception and behavior by affecting neural behavior in the brain

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synesthesia

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experiencing sensations in one sense that is characteristic of another

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selective consciousness

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you pay attention to one thing but not the other

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psychic determinism

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the superiority of automatic processing over controlled processing (Freud)

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learning

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relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior resulting from experience

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classical conditioning

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a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being associated with a stimulus that already elicits that response

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Albert Bandura

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humans learn social behavior by observing other models and reproducing them

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mirror neurons

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neurons involved in neural circuits responsible for observational learning

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behavioral preparedness

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the degree to which members of a species are innately prepared to learn particular behaviors

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learned helplessness

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the feeling of futility caused by the belief that one has little or no control over events in one's life which can make one stop trying and become depressed

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punishment

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in operant conditioning, ____________ refers to the process by which aversive stimuous decreases the probability of a response that precedes it

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negative reinforcement

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in operant conditioning, ____________ refers to an increase in the probability of a behavior that is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus

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flashbulb memories

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a vivid, longing lasting memory if a surprising important emotionally arousing event

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sensory memory

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stage of memory that hat briefly stores (a few seconds) exact replicas if sensations

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short-term memory

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stage of memory that can store a few items of unrehearsed information for up to 20 seconds

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encoding

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the conversion information into a form that can be stored in memory

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retrieval

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recovery of information from memory

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information processing model

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the view that processing of memories involves encoding storage and retrieval

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iconic memory

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visual sensory memory which lasts up to about a second

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elaborative rehearsal

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actively organizing new information to make it more meaningful and integrating with information already stored in long-term memory

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implicit memory

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recollection of previous experiences demonstrated through behavior rather than through conscious, internal remembering

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procedural memory

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long-term memory of how to perform particular actions

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cognitive psychology

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field of psychology that studies processes such as thought and language

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cognitive neuroscience

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study of the neurological bases of cognitive processes

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thought

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the cognitive manipulation of words and images as in concept formation, problem-solving, and decision-making

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logical concept

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the concept formed by identifying the specific features possessed by all things that the concept applies to

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problem solving

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the thought process by which an individual overcomes obstacles to reach a goal

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insight

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an approach to problem-solving that depends on cognitive manipulation of information rather than overt trail and error and produces sudden solutions to problems

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heuristic

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the general principle that guides problem-solving, through it does not guarantee a correct solution

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mental set

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a tendency to use a particular problem-solving strategy that has succeeded in the past but that may interface with solving a problem requiring a new strategy

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creativity

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a form of problem-solving that generates novel, socially valued solutions to problems

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ASD

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a group os psychological conditions characterized by poor social relationships, impaired communications, and repetitive behaviors

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intelligence

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global capacity ti act purposefully to think rationally and to deal effectively with the environment

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aptitude test

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a test designed to predict a person's potential to benefit from instruction in a particular academic or vocational

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intellectual disabilities

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IQ of 70 or below and difficulties performing in everyday life

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Down Syndrome

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an intellectual disability associated with certain physical deformities that are caused by an extra chromosome on the 21st pair

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crystallized intelligence

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knowledge acquired through learning and everyday life

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fluid intelligence

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reasoning abilities, moral capacity, the speed of information processing

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achievement test

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comprehensive exam of what you have learned

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Francis Galton

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this person created the first scientific approach to evaluating mental abilities

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emotion

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a motivated state marked by physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and cognitive experience

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social-comparison theory

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the theory that happiness is the result of comparing your life to others lives

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disparagement theory (of humor)

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humor is amusing when it makes you feel superior

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opponent-process theory

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the theory that the brain counteracts a strong positive or negative emotion be evoking an opposite emotional response

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two-factor theory

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a theory that emotional experience is the outcome of physiological arousal and the attribution of a cause for that arousal

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sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

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two divisions of the nervous system are powerfully involved in emotion experience

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epinephrine and norepinephrine

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flight/fight hormones that are released when the body is under extreme stress

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unpleasant stimuli

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the amygdala is most sensitive to __________ stimuli

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personality

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a person's unique, relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving

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pleasure principal

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id seeks immediate gratification for impulses

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superego

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(Freud) part of the personality that acts as a moral guide

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projective test

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Freudian personality assessment based on the assumption that individuals project their unconscious feelings when responding to ambiguous stimuli

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trait

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relatively enduring, cross-situationally consistent personality characteristic inferred from someone's behavior

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self-efficacy

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In Bandura's theory, the name given to a perosn's belief that she or he can perform behaviors that are necessary to bring about the desired outcome

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temperament

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a person's characteristic emotional state, first apparent in early infancy a

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psychopathology

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study of psychological disorders

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biopsychosocial model

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psychological disorders result from biological, psychological and social factors

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panic disorder

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an anxiety disorder marked by sudden attacks of overwhelming anxiety often associated with the fear of dying or losing one's mind

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OCD

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disorder with ritualistic, recurent, intrusive thoughts and actions

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dissociative disorder

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thoughts, feelings, and memories become separated from consciousness

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schizophrenia

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disorder with grossly impaired social, emotional, cognitive, and perceptual functioning

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personality disorder

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lasting, inflexible, maladaptive behavioral trains

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developmental disorders

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psychological disorders originating in childhood characterized by physical, learning, language, and behavioral impairment