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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Basic Research |
Finding something out for the sake of finding it out |
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Applied Research |
Finding something out in order to apply it to reallife and situations (ex. Study of autism in children to help children) |
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ReneDescartes |
Question: Are the mind andbody separate and distinct, or is the mind simply the physical brain’ssubjective experience? Theory: the self is distinctfrom the physical body |
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Monism |
The mind and bodyare one and that mind is not separate spiritual identity. All human experiences are physical,emanating from the brain. |
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Dualism |
The assumption that body and mind are separate,though perhaps interacting entities and connected. |
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John Stuart Mill |
Philosopher who declaredpsychology leave realms of philosophy and become science of observation andexperimentation He argued that only through methods of science would processes of the mind beunderstood |
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WilhelmWundt |
He founded first laboratory dedicatedto scientific study of the mind Method:introspection- one is describing ownexperiences and processes |
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Introspection |
Method developed by Wilhelm Wundt in which one describes own experiences and processes consciously |
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G.Stanley Hall |
Established America’s first research laboratory |
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WilliamJames |
Published ThePrinciples of Psychology |
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SigmundFreud |
Formulated psychoanalysis Focused on unconsciousprocesses-opposed to work of Wundt which isstudy of consciousness Theory publishedin The Interpretation of Dreams |
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Structuralism |
Method practiced by Wundt and Titchner Looking at structuresof brain; consciousness of structures of brain Analyze consciousness into basicelements and investigate how elements are related Components:sensations, feelings, images |
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Functionalism |
Method practiced by James Lookat function of brain Investigate function and purposeof behavior and consciousness, rather than structure Howdo we adapt to our environment? |
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Contemporary Theoretical Perspectives (6) |
Behavioral Psychoanalytic Humanistic Cognitive Biological Evolutionary |
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Behavioral Perspective |
Onlyobservable events can be studied scientifically (S – R) Focus onstimulus response |
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Psychoanalytic Perspective |
Unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern personality & mental disorders |
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Humanistic Perspective |
Humans are free, rational beings with potentialfor personal growth, and are fundamentally different from animals |
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Cognitive Perspective |
Human behavior cannot be fully understood without examininghow people acquire, store, and process information Waya computer works as analogy for how the human mind works (memory) |
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Biological Perspective |
An organism’s functioning can be explained in terms of thebodily structures and biochemical processes that underlie behavior Waythe body operates and how it affects behavior |
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Evolutionary Perspective |
Behavior patterns evolved to solve adaptive problems; naturalselection favors behaviors |
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Psychology is Empirical |
Adopt thescientific method |
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Psychology is Theoretically Diverse |
Different way oflooking at something; competing points of views |
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Psychology Evolves in... |
Sociohistorical Context |
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Themes related to Psychology’s Subject Matter (4) |
1. Behavior is determined by Multiple Causes 2. Behavior is shaped by Cultural heritage 3. Heredity & Environment Jointly InfluenceBehavior (Nature vs Nurture) 4. Subjective Experience |
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The Scientific Method |
A way of learning about the world throughcollective observations, proposing explanations for the observations,developing theories to explain them, and using theories to make predictions |
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Theory |
Model of interconnected ideas orconcepts that explains what is observed and makes predictions about futureevents |
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Hypothesis |
-specific prediction of what should be observedif the theory is correct |
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Descriptive Studies (3) |
Case Studies Naturalistic Observation Surveys & Questionnaires |
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Case Studies |
An in-depth investigation of an individual subject with uniquecircumstances Reveals confirmation of hypothesis for multiple people (Ex. HM) |
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HM Case Study |
Seizures lead to surgery wheredoctors make legions in brain Result: could not develop new memories and lead to studies in different types ofmemory |
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Naturalistic Observation |
Observation of behavior as itoccurs naturally in real-world settings with nointervention or interference |
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Archival Studies |
Examining existing records of past events (Ex. crime rates in certain cities) |
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Correlation Studies |
A statistical measure of the extent to which twovariables are associated (correlation is not causation) (Ex. SAT scores and GPA; GPAand height; Cocaineuse and hours of sleep) |
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Experiments |
Study thattests causal hypotheses by measuring and manipulating variables |
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Independent Variable |
Researcheris manipulating in an experiment The proposed cause ofchange in the dependent variable |
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Dependent Variable |
Beingmeasured in an experiment Proposed to be affectedby the independent variable |
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Experimental Group |
Any condition of an experiment inwhich participants are exposed to independent variable |
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Control Group |
Any condition of an experiment inwhich participants are not exposed to the independent variable |
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Random Assignment |
Procedure of the assignment |
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Quality od Scientific Research (5) |
Objective Measurement Validity Reliability Generalizability Replication |
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Ethical Considerations (4) |
IRB approval Informed Consent Deception Confidentiality |
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Communication Systems of the Body (2) |
Endocrine System Nervous System |
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Endocrine System |
A communication system that uses hormones toinfluence thoughts, behaviors, and actions |
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Hormones |
Chemicalsubstances released into bloodstream Command center ofthis system is the hypothalamus |
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2 Parts of the Nervous System |
Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Central Nervous System (CNS) |
The brain and the spinal cord |
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
Transmits info to and from the CNS |
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2 Divisions of the PNS |
Somatic Autonomic |
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Somatic Division of the PNS |
Made up of nerves that transmit sensory signalsto and from the CNS |
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Afferent Nerves |
Division of nerves in the somatic division of the PNS Nerve fibers carry info to CNS |
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Efferent Nerves |
Division of nerves in the somatic division of the PNS Nerve fibers carry info from CNS |
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Autonomic Division of the PNS |
Regulates the body’s internal environment bystimulating glands and internal organs; carries signals from the glands and internalorgans to the CNS |
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Sympathetic Autonomic Branch |
Prepares body for action (“fight or flight”) |
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Parasympathetic Autonomic Branch |
Returns the body to its naturalstate (“rest and digest”) |
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Homeostasis |
Balance between autonomic branches |
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Neurons |
Cells within the CNS that receive, integrate, and transmitsinfo About 100bil. in the brain |
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Dendrites |
Structure of the neuron where message is received |
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Another word for the Cell Body of a Neuron |
Soma |
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Axon |
Structure of a neuron for how message travels to axon terminal button andrelease chemicals to next neuron |
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Myelin Sheath |
Fatty tissue coating axon allowingfor faster transmission |
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Basic Types of Neurons (3) |
Receptor Neurons Sensory (afferent) Motor (efferent) |
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Receptor Neurons |
Receive info from environment and respondto different types of energy |
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Sensory Neurons (afferent) |
Send signals from senses, skin,muscles and organs the CNS |
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Motor Neurons (efferent) |
Signals from CNS to muscles, glands and organs |
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Interneurons |
CNS neurons communicate only to other neurons |
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Ways Neurons Communicate (2) |
Electrically Chemically |
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Action Potential |
Electrical communication in which neural impulse passes alongthe axon and causes the release of the chemicals from the terminal buttons |
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All-or-None Law |
Once it’s launched, furtherincreases in stimulus intensity have no effect on its magnitude (once itstarts, it doesn’t stop) |
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Neurotransmitters |
Chemical communication Powerful chemicals that regulatenumerous physical and emotional process Excitatory:increase likelihood of fire Inhibitory:decrease the likelihood of fire |
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Types of Neurotransmitters (6) |
Acetylcholine Dopamine Norepinephrine Serotonin Glutamate GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid) |
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Acetylcholine |
Affect movement, attention |
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Dopamine |
Control movement, reward-seeking behavior,cognition and attention |
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Norepinephrine |
Affect memory, attention to new or important stimuli,regulation of sleep and mood |
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Serotonine |
Regulation of sleep, appetite, mood |
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Glutamate |
Excites the nervous system, memory andautonomic nervous system |
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GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid) |
Inhibits brain activity, lowers arousal,anxiety, and excitation, facilitates sleep |
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Ways to Terminate Neurotransmitters (3) |
Reuptake Enzyme Deactivation Autoreceptors |
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Reuptake |
Neurotransmitters are taken back into presynaptic terminal buttons |
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Enzyme Deactivation |
Neurotransmitters destroyed by an enzyme |
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Autoreceptors |
Neuron’s own receptors regulatethe release of the neurotransmitters |
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Agonist |
Any drug (orchemical) that enhances the actions of a specific neurotransmitter Increase how much is made, so thereare more inside each vesicle Blocks the reuptake |
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Antagonist |
Any drug (orchemical) that inhibits the actions of a specific neurotransmitter Decrease release, so there arefewer in each vesicle Help destroy in the synapse |
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Gray Matter |
Forms acontinuous cortical sheath composed of clusters of cell bodies, have dark grayappearance from cell body |
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White Matter |
Composed of axon bundles. Is white because of myelinsheath that covers axon |
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Hemispheres are combined through... |
Corpus Callosum |
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Lobes of Brain |
Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal |
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Frontal Lobe Function |
Higher cognitive functioning |
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Parietal Lobe Function |
Touch; bodily awareness |
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Occipital Lobe Function |
Vision |
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Temporal Lobe Function |
Hearing, Language, Object and face recognition |
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Branches of the Cortex (3) |
Association Cortex Somatosensory Cortex Motor Cortex |
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Association Cortex |
Houses the brain's higher mental processes |
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Somatosensory Cortex |
Receives sensory info |
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Motor Cortex |
Sends impulses to voluntary muscles |
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Wilder Penfield |
Stimulated certain parts of the brain to figure out which parts were related to specificmuscles Developeda ‘map’ of the motor cortex: the motor homunculus |
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Wernicke’s area |
Left hemisphere of the brain Function: comprehension of language |
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Broche's Area |
Left hemisphere of the brain Function: Producing language |
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Optic Chiasm |
Info from leftfield transfers to right hemisphere and vice versa |
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Methods of Neuroscience (6) |
Lesion (therapeutic or injury-induced) Elctroencephalogram (EEG) Event related potential (ERP) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Functional MRI (fMRI) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) |
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Lesion |
Tissuedestruction Naturally or experimentally cause destruction of brain tissue (Ex.Phineas Gage: rod pierced his skullleft his intellect intact but altered his behavior and personality) |
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Elctroencephalogram (EEG) |
Recordselectrical activity of the brain Electrodesare placed on the scalp Activity is plotted as a line |
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Event related potential (ERP) |
Presentstimulus and reaction to that stimulus |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
Uses magnetic fields and radiowaves to produce a clear 3-D image |
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Functional MRI (fMRI) |
Produces images of the brainwhile and activity is being performed (Ex. Listening to music) |
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) |
Fast,powerful magnetic field disrupts brain activity momentarily in a specific brainregion (Ex.Placing TMS coil over areas of brain involved in language will temporarilydisrupt the ability to speak) |
