Psych 100 Final Exam

Front 1

proximity

Back 1

the tendency to perceive obj that are close to each other as part of the same grouping

Front 2

similarity

Back 2

the tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of that same group

Front 3

continuity

Back 3

tendency to perceive things as simply as possible w/ continuous pattern rather than w/ a complex, broken-up pattern.

Front 4

relative size,

Back 4

If 2 objs are similar in size, we perceive 1 that casts a smaller retinal image as farther away

Front 5

continuity

Back 5

tendency to perceive things as simply as possible w/ continuous pattern rather than w/ a complex, broken-up pattern.

Front 6

interposition (occlusion),

Back 6

1 obj blocks our view of another, the obj that is blocking is closer

Front 7

Social psychology

Back 7

how the prescense of others influnce bahaviors thoughts or feelings

Front 8

texture gradient, .

Back 8

We see fewer details (texture) the farther an obj is from

Front 9

relative size,

Back 9

If 2 objs are similar in size, we perceive 1 that casts a smaller retinal image as farther away

Front 10

linear perspective

Back 10

Parallel lines appear to converge w/ distance,

Front 11

What is the scientific method

Back 11

1. Perceive
2. Hypothesize
3. Test
4. Draw conclusions
5. Report, Revise, Replicate
6. Repeat

Front 12

Naturalistic Observation

Back 12

pro-clear definition behavior
con- obserer effect and observer bias

Front 13

Descriptive research types

Back 13

Naturalistic Observation ,Laboratory Observation , Case Studies, Survey

Front 14

generalized anxiety disorder

Back 14

tenseness and apprehension (6 mo or more) autonomic arousal,

Front 15

panic disorder

Back 15

min long ep of intense dread, or terror chest pains, choking or other frightening sensation

Front 16

phobias

Back 16

persistent and irrational fear of an obj or situation that disrupts behavior

Front 17

Obsessive complusive disorder

Back 17

persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urge to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress.

Front 18

Laboratory Observation

Back 18

pro- control over environ
con-artifical behaviors

Front 19

chameleon effect

Back 19

unconsciously mimick others expressions posture and voice tones- 4 empathy mirror neurons

Front 20

conformity

Back 20

chang behavior to match others Asch studie

Front 21

major depressive

Back 21

response to past or current loss, 2 or more weeks letharygy, feelings of worthlessness, loss of interest in family & friends, and activites

Front 22

bipolar disorder

Back 22

depressive symp: gloomy, withdrawn, inability to make descisions, tired, slow.
manic symp: elation, euphoria, desire action, hyperactive, multiple ideas

Front 23

interposition (occlusion),

Back 23

1 obj blocks our view of another, the obj that is blocking is closer

Front 24

biological perspective on depression

Back 24

geneic influences , reduction of norepinephrine and serotonin drugs: norepinephrine.
scans: PET shows brain energy consumption rises and falls w/ manic and depressive ep.

Front 25

linear perspective

Back 25

Parallel lines appear to converge w/ distance,

Front 26

self defeating beliefs and explanatory style play in depression

Back 26

stable/temporary
global/specific
internal/external-specific

Front 27

Naturalistic Observation

Back 27

pro-clear definition behavior
con- obserer effect and observer bias

Front 28

case studies-

Back 28

pro-extreme detail
con-individ cases not replicable results

Front 29

survey

Back 29

pro: self reported attitudes opinions or behaviors , RANDOM sampling
con: wording effect

Front 30

dissociative identity disorder

Back 30

a person exhibits 2 or more distinct and alternating personalitities.

Front 31

obedience

Back 31

changing behav at command of authority figure comply to social pressures : Milgrams Study

Front 32

DID critics

Back 32

argue that diagnosis of DID has increased to 20,000 cases from 2 cases.

Front 33

schizophenia genetic factors

Back 33

1% of population world wide, iden twins have 50% chance of having.

Front 34

schizophenia genetic factors

Back 34

1% of population world wide, iden twins have 50% chance of having.

Front 35

extinction

Back 35

Diminishing of a conditioned response

Front 36

viruses and schizoprenia

Back 36

to viral infections during pregnancy particularly in the 2nd trimester 5-6%- icreased chance

Front 37

viruses and schizoprenia

Back 37

to viral infections during pregnancy particularly in the 2nd trimester 5-6%- icreased chance

Front 38

Laboratory Observation

Back 38

pro- control over environ
con-artifical behaviors

Front 39

spontaneous recovery

Back 39

The reappearance of an extinguished response after a break

Front 40

psychoanalytical therapies

Back 40

bring repressed feeling into conscious awareness (psychoanalysis)

Front 41

psychoanalytical therapies

Back 41

bring repressed feeling into conscious awareness (psychoanalysis)

Front 42

psychological therapies

Back 42

confiding interaction between a trained therapist and a patient
action therapies, insight based therapies

Front 43

psychological therapies

Back 43

confiding interaction between a trained therapist and a patient
action therapies, insight based therapies

Front 44

dissociative disorder

Back 44

conscious awareness becomes separated from prev memories thougths and feelings. symp: sense of being unreal, being sep from body, watching themselves in a movie.

Front 45

cognitive therapies

Back 45

•Based on the assump that thots intervene between events and our emo rxn.
ACTION THERAPY
looks for Distortion of thinking

Front 46

cognitive therapies

Back 46

•Based on the assump that thots intervene between events and our emo rxn.
ACTION THERAPY
looks for Distortion of thinking

Front 47

random sampling

Back 47

each memb of pop has a = chance of being selected

Front 48

Personality Disoders

Back 48

inflex and enduring behav patterns that impair social functioning, Avoidant pers dis,
narcissitic pers dis
Borderline prs dis

Front 49

humanistic therapies

Back 49

Uses active listening
Echoes, restates, and clarifies patient’s thinking, acknow expressed feelings

Front 50

humanistic therapies

Back 50

Uses active listening
Echoes, restates, and clarifies patient’s thinking, acknow expressed feelings

Front 51

generalization

Back 51

Tendency for similar stimuli to elicit similar responses
Little Albert- afraid of not only rat but anything furry.

Front 52

Borderline pers dis

Back 52

extreme reactions

Front 53

Asch Study

Back 53

lines standars which of 3 is same as shown (conformity)

Front 54

avoidant pers dis

Back 54

fear of rejections

Front 55

discrimination

Back 55

Ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli
Lit Alb:

Front 56

Distortion of Thinking

Back 56

cog therapy:
–Arbitrary inference – “jumping to conclusions” (john didn’t return call must b seeing some1 else)
–Overgeneralization – sweeping conclusions they r somewhat evi based
–Magnification – out of proportion (one examine, not going to get job u want)
–Minimization – not emph good things
Personalization – take blame 4 things out of control

Front 57

antidepressants drugs

Back 57

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, lowers reuptake of serotonin, SSRIS

Front 58

antidepressants drugs

Back 58

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, lowers reuptake of serotonin, SSRIS

Front 59

Distortion of Thinking

Back 59

cog therapy:
–Arbitrary inference – “jumping to conclusions” (john didn’t return call must b seeing some1 else)
–Overgeneralization – sweeping conclusions they r somewhat evi based
–Magnification – out of proportion (one examine, not going to get job u want)
–Minimization – not emph good things
Personalization – take blame 4 things out of control

Front 60

Antimanic Drugs

Back 60

stabilize manic episodes in bipoler disorder, moderates lvls of Norepinephrine and glutamate neurotrans (A salt)

Front 61

Antimanic Drugs

Back 61

stabilize manic episodes in bipoler disorder, moderates lvls of Norepinephrine and glutamate neurotrans (A salt)

Front 62

narcissistic pers dis

Back 62

think the world is abt them

Front 63

Electroconvulsive therapy to treat and side effects

Back 63

severley depressed patients- unrepsonsive to drugs, memory loss before and a little after. 80%
100 volt short 3 sessions

Front 64

Electroconvulsive therapy to treat and side effects

Back 64

severley depressed patients- unrepsonsive to drugs, memory loss before and a little after. 80%
100 volt short 3 sessions

Front 65

cognitive-behavior therapy

Back 65

– Alter the way ppl act (behavior therapy) and the way they think (cognitive therapy)

Front 66

does TMS work for depression

Back 66

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation- yes

Front 67

does TMS work for depression

Back 67

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation- yes

Front 68

cognitive-behavior therapy

Back 68

– Alter the way ppl act (behavior therapy) and the way they think (cognitive therapy)

Front 69

case studies-

Back 69

pro-extreme detail
con-individ cases not replicable results

Front 70

active listening?

Back 70

humanistic therp
•Echoes, restates, and clarifies, acknowl expres feelings.

Front 71

active listening?

Back 71

humanistic therp
•Echoes, restates, and clarifies, acknowl expres feelings.

Front 72

antsocial personlity disrder

Back 72

a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members Psychopaths, sociopaths

Front 73

person-centered therapy

Back 73

humanistic: ative list, nondirective, non judging, unconditional pos regard-pos emo rxns

Front 74

circadian rhythm

Back 74

our biological clock, 24 hr cycle

Front 75

circadian rhythm

Back 75

our biological clock, 24 hr cycle

Front 76

person-centered therapy

Back 76

humanistic: ative list, nondirective, non judging, unconditional pos regard-pos emo rxns

Front 77

circadian rhythm brain involved and chemical that controls it?

Back 77

yeah brain involve, hypothalamus, decress melatonin in morning and increase in nightfall.

Front 78

circadian rhythm brain involved and chemical that controls it?

Back 78

yeah brain involve, hypothalamus, decress melatonin in morning and increase in nightfall.

Front 79

Operant Contitioning

Back 79

Forms association between behaviors and resulting events (rewards and punishments)

Front 80

Milgram studies

Back 80

obedience
results: shock person unseen to the end when they are passed out : 63% finished

Front 81

how to measure brain activity when we are sleeping?

Back 81

with an EEG, 90 min through cycle

Front 82

Insomnia

Back 82

persistant inability to fall asleep

Front 83

Insomnia

Back 83

persistant inability to fall asleep

Front 84

how to measure brain activity when we are sleeping?

Back 84

with an EEG, 90 min through cycle

Front 85

Narcolepsy

Back 85

overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up

Front 86

Narcolepsy

Back 86

overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up

Front 87

perception

Back 87

method by which sensations experienced are interpreted and organized in a meaningful fashion.

Front 88

Sleep Apnea

Back 88

failure to breathe when asleep

Front 89

Sleep Apnea

Back 89

failure to breathe when asleep

Front 90

survey

Back 90

pro: self reported attitudes opinions or behaviors , RANDOM sampling
con: wording effect

Front 91

Kids sleep disorders

Back 91

night terrors: fear stage 4
sleepwalking: stage 4
Sleeptalking: runs in familes

Front 92

Kids sleep disorders

Back 92

night terrors: fear stage 4
sleepwalking: stage 4
Sleeptalking: runs in familes

Front 93

stages of sleep + waves

Back 93

awake : beta waves
5 stages: 1 (light sleep0 and 2(temp breath decrease) = theta faster smaller, 3 and 4 delta waves slower- growth hormone release, 5) REM

Front 94

Sleep theories- why we sleep

Back 94

Adaptive theory- sleep protects ancetors
Restorative theory= sleep helps us recover and grow.
Sleep helps us rememer: rebuilds fading mem

Front 95

Sleep theories- why we sleep

Back 95

Adaptive theory- sleep protects ancetors
Restorative theory= sleep helps us recover and grow.
Sleep helps us rememer: rebuilds fading mem

Front 96

stages of sleep + waves

Back 96

awake : beta waves
5 stages: 1 (light sleep0 and 2(temp breath decrease) = theta faster smaller, 3 and 4 delta waves slower- growth hormone release, 5) REM

Front 97

negative reinforcers

Back 97

Increasing behaviors by removing neg stimuli
ex: taking off seat belt get annoying sounds

Front 98

Theories as to why we dream

Back 98

feud's wish fullfillment, information processing, physiological function, activation-synthesis, cognitive theory.

Front 99

Theories as to why we dream

Back 99

feud's wish fullfillment, information processing, physiological function, activation-synthesis, cognitive theory.

Front 100

selective attention

Back 100

ability to focus on only 1 stimulus from among all sensory input.

Front 101

role of hypothalamus play in circadian rhythm

Back 101

suprachiasmatic nucleus triggered by light decreases melatonin

Front 102

role of hypothalamus play in circadian rhythm

Back 102

suprachiasmatic nucleus triggered by light decreases melatonin

Front 103

Operant Contitioning

Back 103

Forms association between behaviors and resulting events (rewards and punishments)

Front 104

four major classes of drugs

Back 104

antipsychotic, antianxiety antidepressants, and antimanic

Front 105

four major classes of drugs

Back 105

antipsychotic, antianxiety antidepressants, and antimanic

Front 106

REM paralysis

Back 106

voluntary muscles are relaxed

Front 107

anciety

Back 107

cognitive and exporsure

Front 108

free association

Back 108

patient says anything aloud that comes to mind.

Front 109

anciety

Back 109

cognitive and exporsure

Front 110

bulimia

Back 110

cognitive-behavior

Front 111

bulimia

Back 111

cognitive-behavior

Front 112

free association

Back 112

patient says anything aloud that comes to mind.

Front 113

REM paralysis

Back 113

voluntary muscles are relaxed

Front 114

Do cognitive therapies work?

Back 114

inexpensive, works w/ depression stress anxiety, eating disorders and schizo to a small degree/
potential bias on what needs to be changed by therapist.

Front 115

Do cognitive therapies work?

Back 115

inexpensive, works w/ depression stress anxiety, eating disorders and schizo to a small degree/
potential bias on what needs to be changed by therapist.

Front 116

characteristics of humanistic therapy

Back 116

focus on: conscious thts, present and future self, promoting growth instead of curing illness, taking responsibility

Front 117

goal of cog therapies

Back 117

active teaches adaptive ways of thinking and acting, intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

Front 118

goal of cog therapies

Back 118

active teaches adaptive ways of thinking and acting, intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

Front 119

characteristics of humanistic therapy

Back 119

focus on: conscious thts, present and future self, promoting growth instead of curing illness, taking responsibility

Front 120

role in cognition play in disorders

Back 120

the distortions of thinking:
arbitrary inference
overgeneralization
magnification
minimization
personalization lead to these disorders

Front 121

role in cognition play in disorders

Back 121

the distortions of thinking:
arbitrary inference
overgeneralization
magnification
minimization
personalization lead to these disorders

Front 122

Social loafing

Back 122

tend of indivi in group to put less effort toward attaining goal that when inidivid tested

Front 123

aversive conditioning

Back 123

associates unpleasant state w/ unwanted behavior- closer to punishment
expectation learned not association.

Front 124

aversive conditioning

Back 124

associates unpleasant state w/ unwanted behavior- closer to punishment
expectation learned not association.

Front 125

resistance

Back 125

when your brain makes a conscious desicion to block coming out

Front 126

systematic desensitization

Back 126

cant be anxious and relaced, associates relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety- phobias.

Front 127

systematic desensitization

Back 127

cant be anxious and relaced, associates relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety- phobias.

Front 128

resistance

Back 128

when your brain makes a conscious desicion to block coming out

Front 129

exporsure therapies

Back 129

exposes patient to things they fear and avoid extinction of conditioned fear response. (get used to a ticking clock)

Front 130

exporsure therapies

Back 130

exposes patient to things they fear and avoid extinction of conditioned fear response. (get used to a ticking clock)

Front 131

REM rebound

Back 131

increased amt of REM sleep if depreived prior

Front 132

counterconditioning

Back 132

conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors

Front 133

counterconditioning

Back 133

conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors

Front 134

dream interpretation

Back 134

manifest content: actual dream content
Latent content: symbolism behind the dream content.

Front 135

behavior theories use classical learnign technique to modify behavior

Back 135

counterconditioning and operant conditioning action therapy, token economy

Front 136

behavior theories use classical learnign technique to modify behavior

Back 136

counterconditioning and operant conditioning action therapy, token economy

Front 137

dream interpretation

Back 137

manifest content: actual dream content
Latent content: symbolism behind the dream content.

Front 138

operant conditioning used to modify behavior ?

Back 138

esired behavior rewarded and undesired behavior rewarded or punished tp change behavior token economy-

Front 139

operant conditioning used to modify behavior ?

Back 139

esired behavior rewarded and undesired behavior rewarded or punished tp change behavior token economy-

Front 140

REM rebound

Back 140

increased amt of REM sleep if depreived prior

Front 141

token economies

Back 141

earn tokens for certain behavior, traded good stuff, used in institutional settings.

Front 142

token economies

Back 142

earn tokens for certain behavior, traded good stuff, used in institutional settings.

Front 143

aims of psychoanalysis

Back 143

repressed impulses and conflicts in childhood. feeling into conscious awareness id and ego and super ego in conflict.

Front 144

aims of psychoanalysis

Back 144

repressed impulses and conflicts in childhood. feeling into conscious awareness id and ego and super ego in conflict.

Front 145

antipsychotic drugs

Back 145

classical- remove #pos symtoms - delusions hallucinations
Atypical- trys to remove neg symp: apathy, concentration-blocks dop receptors

Front 146

criticisms associated with psychoanalysis

Back 146

hard to refeute can't be proven or disproven, takes a long time and expensive (yrs)

Front 147

criticisms associated with psychoanalysis

Back 147

hard to refeute can't be proven or disproven, takes a long time and expensive (yrs)

Front 148

antipsychotic drugs

Back 148

classical- remove #pos symtoms - delusions hallucinations
Atypical- trys to remove neg symp: apathy, concentration-blocks dop receptors

Front 149

psychotherapy effectivness? data vs patients

Back 149

patients 90% satisfied,
meta analysis - average treated patient better than 80% untreated patients.

Front 150

psychotherapy effectivness? data vs patients

Back 150

patients 90% satisfied,
meta analysis - average treated patient better than 80% untreated patients.

Front 151

positive reinforcers

Back 151

Increasing behaviors by presenting pos stimuli
ex: getting a hug/paycheck

Front 152

problems w/ evaluationg therapies

Back 152

clients need to believe therapy worked, natural tendedncy to get better after crisis.
clinicion overestimate success , familys want to see ppl get betr /

Front 153

problems w/ evaluationg therapies

Back 153

clients need to believe therapy worked, natural tendedncy to get better after crisis.
clinicion overestimate success , familys want to see ppl get betr /

Front 154

antianxiety drugs

Back 154

depress central nerv system, reduces tension elevates GABA

Front 155

meta-analysis

Back 155

stat combining results of many studies

Front 156

meta-analysis

Back 156

stat combining results of many studies

Front 157

sympt of sleep deprevations

Back 157

fatigue ,impaired concentration, emotional irritability, depressed immune system, gratter vulnerability

Front 158

commonalities among psychotherapies

Back 158

therapeutic alliance (therapis client relationship, protected setting and hope (placebo effect)

Front 159

commonalities among psychotherapies

Back 159

therapeutic alliance (therapis client relationship, protected setting and hope (placebo effect)

Front 160

sympt of sleep deprevations

Back 160

fatigue ,impaired concentration, emotional irritability, depressed immune system, gratter vulnerability

Front 161

antianxiety drugs

Back 161

depress central nerv system, reduces tension elevates GABA

Front 162

shaping

Back 162

Reinforcers guide behavior closer towards a desired behavior

Front 163

Group Polarization

Back 163

enhances group's prevailing attitudes through discussion.

Front 164

shaping

Back 164

Reinforcers guide behavior closer towards a desired behavior

Front 165

negative reinforcers

Back 165

Increasing behaviors by removing neg stimuli
ex: taking off seat belt get annoying sounds

Front 166

sensation

Back 166

process that occurs when receptors in the sense organs are activiated, allowing stimuli to become neural signals.

Front 167

positive reinforcers

Back 167

Increasing behaviors by presenting pos stimuli
ex: getting a hug/paycheck

Front 168

random sampling

Back 168

each memb of pop has a = chance of being selected

Front 169

encoding

Back 169

the set of mental process that ppl perform on sensory info a memory (info )usable later

Front 170

social facilitation

Back 170

when performance goes up around viewers

Front 171

storage

Back 171

holding onto info for some period of time

Front 172

social impairment

Back 172

when performance decreases around viewers

Front 173

retrieval

Back 173

getting info that is in storage into a form that can be used.

Front 174

arousal relation to performance

Back 174

easy task= improve perform (social falitation)
diffc task= wrose eprform (social impairment)

Front 175

group think

Back 175

mode of thinking-occurs when desire 4 harmony in group overr realistic appraisal of alternatives

Front 176

encoding

Back 176

the set of mental process that ppl perform on sensory info a memory (info )usable later

Front 177

compliance

Back 177

change behavi are result of being asked to change technigques 4

Front 178

memory

Back 178

an active system that receives info from senses--> into a usable form, organizes stores thn retrieves

Front 179

storage

Back 179

holding onto info for some period of time

Front 180

are the 4 elements of observational learning

Back 180

Attention
Memory
Imitation
Motivation

Front 181

Complaince techniques

Back 181

foot in door
door in the face
lowball
thats not all

Front 182

short-term memory

Back 182

STM the mem sys in which info is held for brief period of time while being used.

Front 183

short-term memory

Back 183

STM the mem sys in which info is held for brief period of time while being used.

Front 184

mirror neurons

Back 184

neurons that fire when someone an action and when someone observes that same action being performed by another.

Front 185

working memory

Back 185

an active system that processes the info in short-term memory.

Front 186

working memory

Back 186

an active system that processes the info in short-term memory.

Front 187

retrieval

Back 187

getting info that is in storage into a form that can be used.

Front 188

The 3 stores of memory

Back 188

sensory memory, short-term, long-term memory

Front 189

The 3 stores of memory

Back 189

sensory memory, short-term, long-term memory

Front 190

observational learning

Back 190

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

Front 191

foot in door

Back 191

asking for a small request then larger after

Front 192

door-in-face tech

Back 192

comply tech
asking for larger requen then take smaller

Front 193

lowball tech

Back 193

getting a commitment and then raising cost

Front 194

that's-not - all tech

Back 194

make offer then adds something "free"

Front 195

teratogen

Back 195

any factor that can cause a birth defect

Front 196

teratogen

Back 196

any factor that can cause a birth defect

Front 197

memory

Back 197

an active system that receives info from senses--> into a usable form, organizes stores thn retrieves

Front 198

normative social influ

Back 198

want to be likes gain acceptance : price if not

Front 199

schema

Back 199

mental generalizations abt obg, places , events, and ppl formed through experiences with obj and events

Front 200

schema

Back 200

mental generalizations abt obg, places , events, and ppl formed through experiences with obj and events

Front 201

sensory

Back 201

the very first stage of mem, pt at which info enters nervous sys throug the sesory systems.

Front 202

assilimation

Back 202

try to to understand new things in terms of chemes they already possess.

Front 203

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Back 203

1. sensorimotor stage
2.preoperational state
3.Concrete Operations
4.Formal Operations

Front 204

assilimation

Back 204

try to to understand new things in terms of chemes they already possess.

Front 205

informational social influence

Back 205

group rpvide valubale info

Front 206

are the 4 elements of observational learning

Back 206

Attention
Memory
Imitation
Motivation

Front 207

mirror neurons

Back 207

neurons that fire when someone an action and when someone observes that same action being performed by another.

Front 208

accommodation

Back 208

process of altering or adjusting old schemes to fit new info and experiences

Front 209

neg sympt of schizophrenia

Back 209

what they should be doing and they arn’t

• Absence of appropriate behaviors
•Toneless voices, expressionless faces, mute, rigid bodies

Front 210

reasons why we conform

Back 210

normative and informational influences: to gain acceptance, get info from group

Front 211

sensory

Back 211

the very first stage of mem, pt at which info enters nervous sys throug the sesory systems.

Front 212

accommodation

Back 212

process of altering or adjusting old schemes to fit new info and experiences

Front 213

egocentric

Back 213

the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes

Front 214

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Back 214

1. sensorimotor stage
2.preoperational state
3.Concrete Operations
4.Formal Operations

Front 215

conservation

Back 215

the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an obj does not change the obj's nature

Front 216

observational learning

Back 216

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

Front 217

conservation

Back 217

the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an obj does not change the obj's nature

Front 218

object permanence

Back 218

the knowledge that an obj exists even when it is not in sight.

Front 219

insight learning

Back 219

the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a prob, allowng for the sol to come quickly.

Front 220

chronic schizophrenia.

Back 220

• Slow-developing- first appear late twenties slow gets worse and worse
•Recovery doubtful

Front 221

insight learning

Back 221

the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a prob, allowng for the sol to come quickly.

Front 222

long-term memory

Back 222

sys of memory into which all of info is placed to be kept more or less permanently.

Front 223

symptoms of schizophrenia

Back 223

Disorganized, delusional thinking
Disturbed percep –hallucinations- mostly auditory
Inappropriate emo and actions

Front 224

object permanence

Back 224

the knowledge that an obj exists even when it is not in sight.

Front 225

long-term memory

Back 225

sys of memory into which all of info is placed to be kept more or less permanently.

Front 226

egocentric

Back 226

the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes

Front 227

acute schizophrenia.

Back 227

•Rapidly developing
•Can be a reaction to life stress-
•Recovery much more likely –not necessarily back to normal but with drugs yes

Front 228

positive sympt of schizophrenia

Back 228

pos: things they are doing when they shouldnt

• Presence of inappropriate behaviors
• hallucinations, disorganized thinking, delusions, inappropriate emotions

Front 229

acute schizophrenia.

Back 229

•Rapidly developing
•Can be a reaction to life stress-
•Recovery much more likely –not necessarily back to normal but with drugs yes

Front 230

Implanted memories?

Back 230

"Remember when" Hyman and Billings
1: obtain mem
2" ask abt 5 mem
3. ask again 2 days later. 50% recall Wade and Al. (2002)

Front 231

Implanted memories?

Back 231

"Remember when" Hyman and Billings
1: obtain mem
2" ask abt 5 mem
3. ask again 2 days later. 50% recall Wade and Al. (2002)

Front 232

Implanted memories?

Back 232

"Remember when" Hyman and Billings
1: obtain mem
2" ask abt 5 mem
3. ask again 2 days later. 50% recall Wade and Al. (2002)

Front 233

Implanted memories?

Back 233

"Remember when" Hyman and Billings
1: obtain mem
2" ask abt 5 mem
3. ask again 2 days later. 50% recall Wade and Al. (2002)

Front 234

implicit memories

Back 234

(procedural) processed in part by cerebellum

Front 235

implicit memories

Back 235

(procedural) processed in part by cerebellum

Front 236

implicit memories

Back 236

(procedural) processed in part by cerebellum

Front 237

implicit memories

Back 237

(procedural) processed in part by cerebellum

Front 238

explicit memories

Back 238

(declaritive) processed in hippocampus

Front 239

explicit memories

Back 239

(declaritive) processed in hippocampus

Front 240

explicit memories

Back 240

(declaritive) processed in hippocampus

Front 241

explicit memories

Back 241

(declaritive) processed in hippocampus

Front 242

anterograde amnesia

Back 242

memory intatct--> no new memories. (trauma)

Front 243

anterograde amnesia

Back 243

memory intatct--> no new memories. (trauma)

Front 244

anterograde amnesia

Back 244

memory intatct--> no new memories. (trauma)

Front 245

anterograde amnesia

Back 245

memory intatct--> no new memories. (trauma)

Front 246

retrograde amnesia

Back 246

loss of mem for the PAST
mem-->no new mem--> mem intact

Front 247

retrograde amnesia

Back 247

loss of mem for the PAST
mem-->no new mem--> mem intact

Front 248

retrograde amnesia

Back 248

loss of mem for the PAST
mem-->no new mem--> mem intact

Front 249

retrograde amnesia

Back 249

loss of mem for the PAST
mem-->no new mem--> mem intact

Front 250

what are atitudes

Back 250

tendency to respond pos or neg toward certain ppl ideas obj, or situation

Front 251

what are atitudes

Back 251

tendency to respond pos or neg toward certain ppl ideas obj, or situation

Front 252

ABC's of attitudes

Back 252

affective component (from expireient, feelings)
behavior component- acitons that someone takes
cognitive component- way person thinks

Front 253

ABC's of attitudes

Back 253

affective component (from expireient, feelings)
behavior component- acitons that someone takes
cognitive component- way person thinks

Front 254

what are atitudes

Back 254

tendency to respond pos or neg toward certain ppl ideas obj, or situation

Front 255

for attitudes

Back 255

formed from learning
direct intstruction-parents
interactions w/ others
vicarious learning (observational)

Front 256

ABC's of attitudes

Back 256

affective component (from expireient, feelings)
behavior component- acitons that someone takes
cognitive component- way person thinks

Front 257

for attitudes

Back 257

formed from learning
direct intstruction-parents
interactions w/ others
vicarious learning (observational)

Front 258

for attitudes

Back 258

formed from learning
direct intstruction-parents
interactions w/ others
vicarious learning (observational)

Front 259

change attitudes

Back 259

persuasion

Front 260

what are atitudes

Back 260

tendency to respond pos or neg toward certain ppl ideas obj, or situation

Front 261

change attitudes

Back 261

persuasion

Front 262

elaboration likelihood model

Back 262

centraol route- attending content
peripheral route- factors not in message- appearance or length

Front 263

elaboration likelihood model

Back 263

centraol route- attending content
peripheral route- factors not in message- appearance or length

Front 264

change attitudes

Back 264

persuasion

Front 265

attribution theory

Back 265

tendency to give causal explanations for someones behavior, situational or dispositional cause (personality)

Front 266

ABC's of attitudes

Back 266

affective component (from expireient, feelings)
behavior component- acitons that someone takes
cognitive component- way person thinks

Front 267

attritubes behavior to a situation or a disposition (T/F)

Back 267

T

Front 268

fundamental attribution error

Back 268

judges character anddoesn't take into account situation

Front 269

elaboration likelihood model

Back 269

centraol route- attending content
peripheral route- factors not in message- appearance or length

Front 270

cognitive dissonance

Back 270

uncomfortable when thoughts and hajaviors don't correspond.

Front 271

fundamental attribution error

Back 271

judges character anddoesn't take into account situation

Front 272

how does cognitive dissonance explain the effect ou action on attitudes

Back 272

you form a new attitude to justify the behavior

Front 273

attribution theory

Back 273

tendency to give causal explanations for someones behavior, situational or dispositional cause (personality)

Front 274

prejudice

Back 274

neg attitude abt members of a particular social group in america it is has waned

Front 275

attribution theory

Back 275

tendency to give causal explanations for someones behavior, situational or dispositional cause (personality)

Front 276

discrimination

Back 276

treating ppl dif before of prejudice

Front 277

cognitive dissonance

Back 277

uncomfortable when thoughts and hajaviors don't correspond.

Front 278

IAT (Implicit association test)

Back 278

speed of response of positive words to white people vs black ppl.

Front 279

attritubes behavior to a situation or a disposition (T/F)

Back 279

T

Front 280

roots of prejudice

Back 280

social emotional cognitive

Front 281

for attitudes

Back 281

formed from learning
direct intstruction-parents
interactions w/ others
vicarious learning (observational)

Front 282

attritubes behavior to a situation or a disposition (T/F)

Back 282

T

Front 283

fundamental attribution error

Back 283

judges character anddoesn't take into account situation

Front 284

change attitudes

Back 284

persuasion

Front 285

how does cognitive dissonance explain the effect ou action on attitudes

Back 285

you form a new attitude to justify the behavior

Front 286

fundamental attribution error

Back 286

judges character anddoesn't take into account situation

Front 287

elaboration likelihood model

Back 287

centraol route- attending content
peripheral route- factors not in message- appearance or length

Front 288

cognitive dissonance

Back 288

uncomfortable when thoughts and hajaviors don't correspond.

Front 289

cognitive dissonance

Back 289

uncomfortable when thoughts and hajaviors don't correspond.

Front 290

attribution theory

Back 290

tendency to give causal explanations for someones behavior, situational or dispositional cause (personality)

Front 291

how does cognitive dissonance explain the effect ou action on attitudes

Back 291

you form a new attitude to justify the behavior

Front 292

how does cognitive dissonance explain the effect ou action on attitudes

Back 292

you form a new attitude to justify the behavior

Front 293

attritubes behavior to a situation or a disposition (T/F)

Back 293

T

Front 294

Interpersonal Attraction

Back 294

Desire for a relationship w/ another person

Front 295

What are the factors that influence attraction?

Back 295

proximity- geographically
physical-symmetry
similarity-on views

Front 296

What factors influence physical attraction?

Back 296

symmetry, only after proximity, unrelated to self-esteem and happiness

Front 297

What are the 3 components of love?

Back 297

•intimacy -how close you feel
• passion-physical
•commitment-desicions

Front 298

Passionate Love

Back 298

intamacy and passion from start (if aroused you will see them as more attractive)

Front 299

companionate Love

Back 299

intimacy and commitment arises from passionate love.

Front 300

What are the keys to companionate love?

Back 300

•Self-disclosure – revealing intimate details self
Equity-reveive from rela what they put in

Front 301

Aggression

Back 301

any behavior intended to hurt/destroy

Front 302

How is aggressive behavior determines by biology and learning?

Back 302

genes, testosterone-physical agression,

Front 303

Interpersonal Attraction

Back 303

Desire for a relationship w/ another person

Front 304

What are the factors that influence attraction?

Back 304

proximity- geographically
physical-symmetry
similarity-on views

Front 305

What factors influence physical attraction?

Back 305

symmetry, only after proximity, unrelated to self-esteem and happiness

Front 306

What are the 3 components of love?

Back 306

•intimacy -how close you feel
• passion-physical
•commitment-desicions

Front 307

Passionate Love

Back 307

intamacy and passion from start (if aroused you will see them as more attractive)

Front 308

companionate Love

Back 308

intimacy and commitment arises from passionate love.

Front 309

What are the keys to companionate love?

Back 309

•Self-disclosure – revealing intimate details self
Equity-reveive from rela what they put in

Front 310

Aggression

Back 310

any behavior intended to hurt/destroy

Front 311

How is aggressive behavior determines by biology and learning?

Back 311

genes, testosterone-physical agression,

Front 312

agression determined by biology and learning?

Back 312

possibly linked to Y chromosome (genetically linked) and testosterone
•Learning Aggression is Rewarding
•Observing Models of Aggression

Front 313

what is frustration-aggression hypthesis

Back 313

frustration-->anger--> generate aggression(caused: blocked to achieve goal)

Front 314

social roles in agression

Back 314

zimbardo study- guards - people takes on the role given in 5 days- supposed to last 2 weeks- power of situation

Front 315

agression related to violence in media?

Back 315

breeds violence if violents (games movies correlational-stronger than cig and lung cancer) less autonomic nervos system stimuation

Front 316

altruism

Back 316

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Front 317

bystander effect

Back 317

tendency more bystanders to be less likely for individual to give aid

Front 318

diffusion of responsibility

Back 318

Ppl fail to take respons for action (or incation) because of presence of others.

Front 319

5 decision points in helping behavior

Back 319

–Noticing
–Defining an emergency
–Taking responsibility
–Planning a course of action
–Taking action

Front 320

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Back 320

small head, brain abnormalities, mental retardation (mother drank while prego)

Front 321

brain develop prenatally and after birth

Back 321

overproduces neurons prenatally, peaks at 28 bil neurons in womb, 23 bill at birth.

Front 322

Strange Situation test

Back 322

results:
60^ comfortabl when mother present, detressed when she leaves and seek contact when returns.
others less like to explore, cry when she leves continues to be distresed when she returns.

Front 323

parenting styles

Back 323

authoritarian, permissive, authoritative

Front 324

authoritarian style

Back 324

parents impose rules and expect obedience

Front 325

permissive style

Back 325

parents subunit to children's demands

Front 326

authoritative style

Back 326

parents are demanding but responsive to their children, best self estee, reliance, and social competence.

Front 327

2 cues to depth perception

Back 327

binocular cues- 2 eyes- convergence move together for close far apart for distance
monocular cues- 1 eye

Front 328

monocular cues depth percep

Back 328

relative size, interposition occlusion, areal perspec, linear perspec, texture gradient, motion parallax. depth cues. rel height, clarity

Front 329

gestalt grouping principle-

Back 329

proximty, similarity, continuity, connectedness, closure , common fate.

Front 330

connectedness

Back 330

Elements that r connected r perceived as group

Front 331

common fate

Back 331

elements w/ same move direction r perceived ascollective or unit.

Front 332

cones

Back 332

color sens: yes
detail sens: yes
light sense: kiw
center of retina, 6 mill

Front 333

rods

Back 333

color sense: no
dtail sens: no
light" high
location periphery 120 mill

Front 334

afterimage

Back 334

remains after you look away, due to Opponent Process Theory- process 4 prim colors R-G,B-Y, B-W competition between colors.

Front 335

Opponent Process Theory-

Back 335

process 4 prim colors R-G,B-Y, B-W competition between colors.

Front 336

TriChromatic Theory

Back 336

ret contain 3 receptors max sensitive to red blue green wavelength, we percieve color in our heads.

Front 337

Fovea

Back 337

central pt in retine where image focused

Front 338

optic nerve

Back 338

carries neural impulses from eye to brain

Front 339

blind spot

Back 339

pt where optic nerve leaves the eye

Front 340

Retina

Back 340

light sensitive inner surface of eye- w/ rods and cones + bipolar and ganglion cells

Front 341

illusory correlation

Back 341

phenomena of seeing relationship 1 expects in a set of data even when no such relationship exists

Front 342

Experimenters isolate cause and effect by

Back 342

manipulation of variable of interest, while controlling everything else.

Front 343

SOMA

Back 343

cell body, cells life support center- integrates all info from dendrites

Front 344

dendrites

Back 344

tree branches of cell, revieces messages

Front 345

myelin sheath

Back 345

covers axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses.

Front 346

prop of action potential

Back 346

brif elec charge travels
all or none response- exceeds threshold neuron fires
intensity all ways the same - firing a gun.

Front 347

synapse

Back 347

junction between axon tip sending neuron and dendrite of recieving

Front 348

neutransmitter rxn

Back 348

excitory causes recieving cell to fire acion
inhibitory- cause recievingcell to stop firing

Front 349

Prozac

Back 349

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) keeps bound to receptor for longer increasing effect. blocks reuptake channels to reuse the serotonin.

Front 350

Central NErvous System (CNS)

Back 350

brain and spinal cord

Front 351

Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)

Back 351

the sensory and motor neurons that connect central nervous sys to the rest of the body.

Front 352

autonomic nervous system

Back 352

part of PNS that controls glands and other muscles (nonskeletal)

Front 353

somatic nervous system

Back 353

division of pns that controls the body's skeletal muscles

Front 354

sympathetic nervous system

Back 354

div of ANS that arouses body, stress response
FIGHT OR FLIGHT

Front 355

parasympathetic nervous system

Back 355

div of ANS calms body, conserving energy
REST and DIGEST

Front 356

brain lesion

Back 356

exper destroys brain tissue to study animal behaviors after such destruction- correlational evi

Front 357

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

Back 357

amplified recording of electric activity of brains surface (Electrodes on scalp) Great temporal resolution not good spacial resolution

Front 358

PET (Positron emission tomography)

Back 358

ingest radioactive glucose, and it tracks glucose in brain

Front 359

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

Back 359

looks a soft tissue, excellent spatial resolution (mm) measures concentrations of oxygen, oxygenated vs deoxygentated bld pools.

Front 360

4 lobes of cortex

Back 360

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal.

Front 361

brainstem

Back 361

where spinal cords swells and enters ksull, responsible for automatic survival function, breathing, heart (hit this and die)

Front 362

thalamus

Back 362

brains sensory switchboard, top of brainstem- directs messgaes to sensory areas in cortex (all sense BUT SMEll)

Front 363

cerebellum

Back 363

attech rear of brainsem- coordinate voluntary movements balance, learning skills (alcohol affects this)

Front 364

limbic system

Back 364

system at border of brain stem and cerebrum, emotions fear aggression drives for food sex.

Front 365

motor cortex

Back 365

involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary motor func (between frontal and snesory cortex)

Front 366

sensory cortex

Back 366

recieves info from skin surface and sense organs (between mortor cortex and parietal lobe)

Front 367

corpus callosum

Back 367

(right above thalamus) facilitates communication between left and right hemisphere

Front 368

if corpus callosum damaged?

Back 368

split brain patients- ___ flashes on left side subject can't name can only pick it up w/ left hand. If ____ flasehs on right side, sub can name i and pick it up with right hand

Front 369

aphasia

Back 369

a language impairment, caused by left hemispere damage to either broca's area (speaking) or Wernicke's (understanding)

Front 370

Broca's area
Weknicke's area

Back 370

broca= speaking
Wernicke's= understanding

Front 371

how do ppl physically devel during adolescene?

Back 371

sexual maturation,

Front 372

what changes take place in brain during adolescence

Back 372

selective pruning of connections- unused neuronal connections- lost.
Limbic devel before frontal- makes impulsive + hormones

Front 373

kohlberg's stages of moral development

Back 373

preconventional morality <9yrs
conventional morality: early adolescence
Postconventional Morality: later in life

Front 374

conventional morality

Back 374

by early adolesc social rules and law are upheld for their own sake

Front 375

postconventional morality

Back 375

affirm ppls agreed upon right or follows personally percieved ethical principles

Front 376

preconventional morality

Back 376

<9 yrs children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward

Front 377

classical conditioning

Back 377

learning- org learns to associate stimuli 2 thinks in envir to things we don't control CS and US --> UR and CR

Front 378

biology constrains associations over others

Back 378

biological preparedness, more likely to associate food w/ nausea than sight and sound.

Front 379

operant conditioning

Back 379

forma association between behavior and resulting events (rewards and punishments)

Front 380

successive approximations

Back 380

little steps along the way to get to the right behavior

Front 381

learned helplessness

Back 381

failure to escape from situations because of previous failures so no trying

Front 382

cognitive learning theory

Back 382

latent learning, insight learning- sudden percep of relationships between parts of a problem

Front 383

mood dependent memory

Back 383

play happy or sad music- think happy or sad thoughts

Front 384

mood congruent memory

Back 384

a given mood tends to cue memories that are consistent w/ that mood.

Front 385

encoding specificity

Back 385

memory is most effective when information available at encoding is also present at retrieval
provides a retrieval cue.

Front 386

retrieval cues

Back 386

Any stimulus that helps us recall information in long-term memory

Front 387

selective attention

Back 387

attention processes act like funnel, more energy to processing what's important other stuff funneled out.

Front 388

Working memory in visual and auditory elements

Back 388

acts as an interpreter for visual and auditory stored in short-tern mem. (process that allows you to see and hear is working, short is act is short term.

Front 389

T/F we automatically process things in time or space.

Back 389

T

Front 390

Elaborative rehearsal

Back 390

a method of transferring info from STM to LTM by making info meaningful

Front 391

maintenance rehearsal

Back 391

prac of saying some info to be remembered repeatitivly so into STM

Front 392

What type of rehearsal is more efficient

Back 392

elaborataive rehearsal

Front 393

types of encoding

Back 393

•Semantic encoding (meaning)stronger
•Acoustic encoding (sound)
•Visual encoding (visual structure)

Front 394

Semantic encoding

Back 394

(meaning)-much stronger memory

Front 395

•Acoustic encoding

Back 395

(sound)

Front 396

Visual encoding (visual structure)

Back 396

(visual structure)

Front 397

3 stage model of memory

Back 397

sensory memory, short-term memory, long term memory

Front 398

types of long-term information

Back 398

Procedural (nondeclaritive)LTM
Declarative memory LTM

Front 399

procedural (implicit) [nondeclaritive memory

Back 399

type of ltm momry for skills, procedures, habits, and oconditioned responses

Front 400

declarative memory

Back 400

type of LTM that is conscious and known

Front 401

memory

Back 401

active system recieves info from senses put info in to usabe form stores then retrieves.

Front 402

proactive interference

Back 402

mem prob that occurs when older info prevents learning or retrieval of newer info

Front 403

retroactive interference

Back 403

mem prob occurs when neewer info prevents retrieval of older info

Front 404

serial position effect

Back 404

info at beginning and end of body of info to be remembered more than info in the middle of info

Front 405

what contributs to forgetting

Back 405

encoding, storage, or retrieval failures

Front 406

sleeping and memory interference

Back 406

–Sleep avoids retroactive interference thus leading to better recall

Front 407

–Memory is a constructive process

Back 407

We filter or fill in missing pieces of information to make our recall more coherent

Front 408

recostruction leads to false memories

Back 408

misinformation effect Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

Front 409

implanted membories

Back 409

hyman and billings implanted 1 momery

Front 410

key to disorder

Back 410

dysfunction

Front 411

psychological disorders must b

Back 411

deviant distressful and dysfunctional

Front 412

biopsychosocial approach

Back 412

perscpective that abnorm behavior result of bio psychological social and cultural influences.

Front 413

biological model

Back 413

•Concept that diseases can be diagnosed, treated and cured

Front 414

psychological models

Back 414

Psychodynamic
Behavorial
Cognitive

Front 415

absolute threshold

Back 415

lowest lvl of stim that person can consciously detect 50% of time stim is present

Front 416

difference threshold

Back 416

smallest difference between two stimuli of differing intensities that the participant is able to detect 50%

Front 417

psychophysics

Back 417

study: relationship between physical char of stimuli and our psychological exp of them

Front 418

inattentional blindess

Back 418

a person fails to notice some stimulus that is in plain sight (can't pick up everything)

Front 419

bottum-up processing

Back 419

analyzsis of small feat to build up to complete percep

Front 420

top-down processing

Back 420

use of preexisting knowledge to organize individ features into whole.

Front 421

wavelength in vision

Back 421

hue, color, shorter purple longer red

Front 422

amplitude

Back 422

Amp ^ lighter, amp , Darker
intensity ^ darker
, lighter

Front 423

Goals of Psychology

Back 423

learning how things work Description:what
Explanation:why
Prediction:when
Control:how to change it

Front 424

nativism, empiricism (nature vs nurture)

Back 424

fight is it influence nurture or hard wired nature

Front 425

nurture, empiricism

Back 425

belief that childhood exp influences the devel later personality traits and psychological probs

Front 426

nativism (nature)

Back 426

the idea that our thoughts, ideas, and characteristics are inborn

Front 427

3 main lvls of analysis in psychology

Back 427

Biological; Psychological; Social-cultural