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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gross Motor Skills
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Motor skills that involve large-muscle activities such as walking
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Fine motor Skills
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Motor skills that involve finely tuned movements, such as any activity that requires finger dexterity
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Parkinson's Disease
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A chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis
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Sensation
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Reaction that occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors-- The eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.
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Perception
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The interpretation of sensation
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Habituation
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Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus
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Visual preference method
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A method developed by Fantz to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli
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Schemes
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In Piagets theory, actions or mental representations that organize information in the mind
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Assimilation
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Piagetian concept in which children use existing schemes to incorporate new information
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Accommodation
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Piagetian concept of adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences
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Equilibrium
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A mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next
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Sensorimotor stage
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The first of Piaget's stages, which lasts from birth to about 2 years of age; infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences, with physical, motoric actions
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Object Permanence
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The Piagetian term for one of an infants most important accomplishments: understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched
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Preoperational Stage
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The second Piagetian developmental stage, which lasts from about 2 to 7 years of age; children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings
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Animism
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A facet of preoperational thought-- the belief that inanimate objects have life like qualities and are capable of action
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Centration
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The focusing of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others
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Size constancy
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Recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move towards or away from the object
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Shape consistency
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Recognition that an object remains the same even though its orientation to us changes
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Glaucoma
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Damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by buildup of fluid in the eye
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Cataracts
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A thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted
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Conservation
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The awareness that altering the appearance of an object or a substance does not change its basic properties
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Concrete operational stage
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The third Piagetian stage, which last from approximately 7 to 11 years of age; children can perform concrete operations, and logical reasoning replaces intuitive reasoning as long as the reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples
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Seriation
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The concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length)
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Transitvity
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The ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions. Piaget argued that an understanding of transitivity is characteristic of concrete operational thought
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Formal operational stage
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The fourth and final Piagetian stage, which appears between the ages of 11 and 15; individuals move beyond concrete experiences and think in more abstract and logical ways
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Hypothetical- deductive reasoning
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Piagets formal operational concept that adolescents have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses about ways to solve problems and can systematically deduce which is the best path to follow in solving the problem
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Attention
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Focusing of mental resources
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Selective Attention
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Focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant
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Divided attention
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Concentration on more than one activity at the same time (multitasking)
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Sustained Attention
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The ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time
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Encoding
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The process by which information gets into memory
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Automaticity
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The ability to process information with little or no effort
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Habituation
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Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus
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Memory
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Retention of information over time
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6 brain changes that occur in Alzheimer's disease
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1. Increased neurofibrillary tangles
2. Increased plaques 3. Holes in brain get bigger (vacuolization) 4.Wrinkles in brain get deeper, hemispheres separate (vidilation) 5. Brain gets smaller (atrophy) 6. Acetylcholine imbalances |
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Behaviors/ symptoms of of early onset Alzheimer's disease
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Forgetting things recently learned, mild coordination problems, repeat questions, may become depressed (they know they have the disease)
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Behaviors/ symptoms of mid onset Alzheimer's disease
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Persistent memory loss, trouble remembering names and family members, rambling speech, become lost easily, aggressive, are not aware they have the disease
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Behaviors/ symptoms of late onset Alzheimer's disease
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Confused on past and present, severe to total loss of speech, unable to walk, unable to communicate, unable to swallow
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Environmental causes of Alzheimer's disease
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Age, Physical Health, Head Trauma
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Genetic causes of Alzheimer's disease
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If a family member has Alzheimer's your chance of getting it increases greatly
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Treatment of Alzheimers
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There are no treatments for Alzheimer's but it can be managed with the correct care. The nun study shows that Alzheimer's may be prevented by having good mental health before they get old enough to develop it.
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cerebellum
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controls voluntary movement and balance
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gross motor skills
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Large movements (legs and arms)
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fine motor skills
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Small movements (fingers and eyes)
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Major motor development milestones in infants
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Lifting head, rolling over, sitting up, crawling, supporting some weight with legs, walking
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Parkinsons disease
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an increase in the death of neurons and the accumulation of amyloid plaques (similar to AD) in the Cerebellum….thus unable to control movement, or movement appears out-of-control.
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Where in the brain do we see decline of motor neurons with age?
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cerebellum
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What is the difference between sensation and perception?
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sensation occurs when information contacts sensory receptors, perception is the interpretation of sensation
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Visual preference method
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to determine if infants can distinguish between various stimuli
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When does depth perception develop in infants?
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By 7-8 months
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Size consistency
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Recognition that object remains the same even though the retinal image changes
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Shape Consistency
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Recognition that object remains the same even though its orientation changes
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Normative changes in vision and hearing in infants
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can see green and red at birth, all colors by 2 months, faces are blurry at birth this is improved by 6 months
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Normative age graded changes in vision and hearing in adults
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slower dark adaptation, loss of accommodation, declining depth perception, increased blind spot. hearing declines at age 40, have trouble hearing with background noise, presbycusis: hearing loss
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Age graded diseases of the eye
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Glaucoma, Senile macular degeneration, cataracts
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Infant hearing abilities
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newborns can not hear soft noises
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Schemes
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mental representations that organize knowledge
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What is the information processing approach to cognitive development?
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Focuses on ways people process information about their world
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What are the basic components to the information processing approach?
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We manipulate information, monitor it, and create strategies to deal with it
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Memory
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retention of information over time
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What causes infantile amnesia?
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immaturity of the prefrontal lobes
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working memory
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makes decisions and solves problems
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implicit memory
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Memory without conscious recollection; skills and routine done automatically
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explicit memory
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conscious memory of facts and experiences, doesnt appear until after 6 months
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imagery
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creating mental images
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episodic memory
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retention of memory about where and when of life’s happenings
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semantic memory
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one’s knowledge about the world (expertise, academic knowledge, everyday knowledge)
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source memory
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Ability to remember where something was learned
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prospective memory
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remembering to do something in the future
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metamemory
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knowledge about memory
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