Psyc: Module 7

Front 1

Memory walk

Back 1

- Way of remembering a sequence by first memorizing a location
- Placing elements to be remembered along the walk

Front 2

Memory research seeks to understand..

Back 2

How memory works

Front 3

The 3 steps of memory

Back 3

(1) Encoding
(2) Storage
(3) Retrieval

Front 4

Elaboration

Back 4

Degree in which information is specified and relatd to other info in memory

Front 5

Construction

Back 5

Creation of a new story from an original story

Front 6

Bartlett proposed memories were what?

Back 6

Memories are reconstructed with bits and pieces while we make up the rest

Front 7

Encoding

Back 7

Records experiences, thoughts, and feelings (mostly what we pay attention to)

Front 8

Sensory memory

Back 8

Holds SENSORY information for a short time after the stimulus causing the sensation is removed

Front 9

Short term memory

Back 9

Stores and processes for a few seconds

Front 10

Long term memory

Back 10

Experiences and skills acquired over lifetime

Front 11

Declarative memory

Back 11

Recall facts and events

Front 12

Procedural memory

Back 12

Execution of well-learned skills

Front 13

Role of Hippocampus in memory

Back 13

- Think of it as a librarian / index
- Knows the 'how' and 'where'

Front 14

Role of cerebral cortex in memory

Back 14

Parts of the cortex store different kinds of information

Front 15

Elaborative encoding

Back 15

Actively relating new information to previous knowledge

Front 16

How are some people able to remember large lists of information?

Back 16

They use a chunking system by categorizing information by relationship

Front 17

A waiter organizing orders by category is called __.

Back 17

conscious coding

Front 18

Mnemonics

Back 18

Memory 'tricks'

Front 19

Memory

Back 19

Ability to use or reproduce knowledge, skills or behaviors learned in the past

Front 20

How can the effect of encoding be unintentional?

Back 20

As a child you always remember your mom putting out vanilla candles. When you're in someone else's house and they have this candle, it calls up a childhood memory.

Front 21

Method of loci is also known as

Back 21

Memory walk

Front 22

How a memory is __ affects how it is stored and retrieved.

Back 22

encoded

Front 23

Storage

Back 23

Maintenance of information over time

Front 24

3 main types of memory STORAGE

Back 24

(1) Sensory
(2) Short-term
(3) Long-term

Front 25

Auditory memory

Back 25

- Form of sensory memory
- Sounds that have just been perceived

Front 26

Visual memory

Back 26

- Sensory memory
- Visual image that has just been perceived

Front 27

Short-term storage

Back 27

Holds information long enough to accomplish purpose of information

Front 28

Long-term storage

Back 28

Storage of information is for a permanent or near-permanent basis

Front 29

Working memory + example

Back 29

Active maintenance of info in short-term storage

Ex: Trying to remember a phone number - you repeat it

Front 30

Maintenance rehearsal

Back 30

Repetition of information

Front 31

Phonological short term memory

Back 31

- Type of WORKING MEMORY
- For VERBAL information

Front 32

Phonological memory stores information about __.

Back 32

sounds

Front 33

You are asked to remember a list of words. What do you remember?

Back 33

You will remember a lot from the beginning and end, but little to none in the middle.

Front 34

Primacy effect

Back 34

Tendency to recall earlier information in a series of info

Front 35

Recency effect

Back 35

Tendency to recall later information in a series of info

Front 36

Span tasks m___ information; you keep it in m___.

Back 36

maintain
mind

Front 37

Visual short-term memory

Back 37

- Type of working memory
- Stores non-verbal VISUAL information
- Small capacity of about 4 visuals

Front 38

Long-term memory stores information for how long?

Back 38

Up to hours, days, weeks, and years

Front 39

Explicit memory + example

Back 39

- Memory that can be described verbally
- Person is fully aware

Ex: facts you now and experiences

Front 40

Implicit memory + memory

Back 40

- Memory that cannot be described verbally
- Person is completely/partially unaware

Ex: Being asked how to skate

Front 41

Procedural memory is an (implicit/explicit) memory.

Back 41

implicit memory

Front 42

Priming

Back 42

Change in reaction time b/c of prior presentation of related stimulus

Front 43

Episodic memory

Back 43

- Long-term memory of life experiences
- Associated with a TIME and PLACE

Front 44

Remembering that your father's birthday is on May 25 is what type of memory?

Back 44

Semantic memory - recalls a fact

Front 45

Semantic memory

Back 45

Long-term memory of facts and data

Front 46

Remembering that you walked on the sidewalk by the bridge on Friday is what type of memory?

Back 46

Episodic - it incorporates time and place

Front 47

2 ways memory is strengthened

Back 47

(1) Repetition
(2) Connections

Front 48

Are semantic and episodic memories implicit or explicit?

Back 48

EXPLICIT - you know you have them and you consciously retrieve them + you can verbalize them

Front 49

Anterograde amnesia

Back 49

Disorder caused by BRAIN DAMAGE tha disrupts a person's ability to form new long-term memories AFTER the event of brain damage

Front 50

The hippocampus is necessary for memory __ and __ for a ___ time after learning.

Back 50

retrieval
storage
short

Front 51

How are explicit and implicit memory maintained?

Back 51

They are supported by different brain structure

Front 52

Retrograde amnesia

Back 52

Disorder caused by brain damage that disrupts person'a ability to remember events from BEFORE the brain damage

Front 53

True or False

The hippocampus stores all memory and information.

Back 53

False - memory depends on different parts of the brain

Front 54

Retrieval

Back 54

Allows us to access a memory that we need

Front 55

How is the organization of long-term and short-term different?

Back 55

Long-term memory is organized like a library because it is categorized.

Short-term memory is not organized.

Front 56

Recall

Back 56

Bringing something to mind without hints or cues

Front 57

Recognition

Back 57

Being presented with information you have previously preceived

Front 58

Encoding specificity principle

Back 58

Recall will be best if the CUES from when you first learned it are there when you recall the information

Front 59

Context-dependent memory

Back 59

If your environment where you are recalling info matches the environment you were in when you were encoding the information

Front 60

Transience

Back 60

- Occurs between encoding and retrieval
- LOSS of info from memory as time passes

Front 61

Divided attention in the context of memory

Back 61

How well people can remember information while doing something else

Front 62

Prospective memory + example

Back 62

Remembering plans you have to do in the future

Ex: Doing laundry at 7 o'clock

Front 63

Having a mental to-do list is an example of..

Back 63

Prospective memory

Front 64

Blocking

Back 64

- Failure to retrieve information from long-term memory
- TIP OF THE TONGUE

Front 65

Misattribution + example

Back 65

Assigning a memory to the incorrect SOURCE

Ex: Passing by a person thinking they are from your work when it's really the cashier at your fave restaurant

Front 66

Source memory + example

Back 66

Recalling where information you remember came from

Ex: Not being sure who told you a secret

Front 67

Destination memory + example

Back 67

Recalling to whom you have given information

Ex: Telling someone a joke when you've told them the joke before

Front 68

Name 2 types of misattribution errors

Back 68

(1) Source memory

(2) Destination memory

Front 69

False memories of child abuse can sometimes be the product of ___ by adults.

Back 69

social pressure

Front 70

Social pressure

Back 70

Pressure to behave a certain way based on people's expectations

Front 71

Bias supports that memory is a(n) __.

Back 71

construction

Front 72

Bias

Back 72

Beliefs on what we remember

Front 73

Flashbulb memory

Back 73

Memory established by emotional + personal events