Abnormal Psyc- Chapter 7

Front 1

Voodoo Death

Back 1

May die as consequence of learning you are cursed.

Front 2

Psychophysiological

Back 2

Identifiable disturbances (lesions) in body structures and functions and are not feigned. Requires dualist view of mind and body as separate entities subject to different flaws.

Front 3

Engel

Back 3

Biopsychosocial, psych characteristics and societal forces must be invoked to explain many diseases.

Front 4

Behavioural Therapy

Back 4

Behaviours may increase risk of disease, control these behaviours.

Front 5

Behavioural Medicine

Back 5

Behaviour modification to treatment of disease.

Front 6

Health Psychology

Back 6

Any application of psychological methods and theories to understand origins of disease, responses to disease and determinants of good health.

Front 7

Psychological Factor Affecting Medical Condition (ICD Axis 1)

Back 7

1. Correlated with development of, exacerbation of, or delayed recovery from medical condition.
2. Interfere with treatment
3. Risk to their health
4. Precipitate symptoms of conditions
* Particular psych factor should be specified (Could be axis I and II or not meet threshold for diagnosis)

Front 8

Mechanism

Back 8

Defined by symptoms (subjective reports of internal states) One of principle determinants of illness is disease

Front 9

Disease

Back 9

Marked by signs, objective indications of an underlying disease process, observable either directly or indirectly by a test.

Front 10

Lesions

Back 10

Specific disturbances of bodily tissue.

Front 11

Symptoms

Back 11

Can be influenced by other factors that influence perception. May influence perception of attention to or tolerance of bodily signals.

Front 12

Behaviour

Back 12

Discrete and potentially observable act.

Front 13

Psychological Process

Back 13

Is not observable directly but may be interfered reasonable on basis of phenomena that are.

Front 14

Behaviours that Promote Disease

Back 14

Expose body tissue to pathogenic substances.

Front 15

Psychological Variables

Back 15

Perceptual schemata and emotions as influences of body tissues can be consequence of psychological process.

Front 16

Body Systems Responsive to Psych Variables

Back 16

Endocrine System
Autonomic System
Immune System

Front 17

Endocrine System

Back 17

- Organs that manufacture hormones
- Secrete into bloodstream
- Hormones cause certain changes

Front 18

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (Endocrine)

Back 18

Hypothalamus responsive to psychological influence, when activated can cause pituitary to secrete ACTH, when tissues stimulated they secrete cortisol.

Front 19

Cortisol

Back 19

Hormone. suppresses inflammation, mobilizes glucose from liver, high cardio tone, produces immune system changes and inhibits other endocrine structures.
- Promotes survival
- Maladaptive when prolonged/exaggerated

Front 20

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 20

Little awareness or direct control
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic

Front 21

Sympathetic NS

Back 21

Emanate from middle regions of spinal cord. Prepares for action

Front 22

Parasympathetic NS

Back 22

End regions of spine. Applies the breaks.

Front 23

Immune System

Back 23

Defend body against antigens (internal pathogens) or external disease causing forces.

Front 24

Nonspecific Immune Responses

Back 24

Granulocytes and monocytes identify invading antigens and destroy them by engulfing and digesting (phagocytosis).

Front 25

Cellular Immunity

Back 25

Based on T-lymphocytes antigen presented to T-lymphs by macrophages which causes T-cells to proliferate (reproduce) and circulate.

Front 26

Helper T Cells

Back 26

Secrete lymphokines, control responses of other types of T cells.

Front 27

Killer (K) T Cells

Back 27

Attack foreign or mutated cells directly.

Front 28

Memory T Cells

Back 28

Stored in body in anticipation of next time it needs "building up immunity"

Front 29

Humoral Immunity

Back 29

Antigens presented by macrophages to B-lymphocytes . B-cells reproduce (reinforced by lymphokine secretion from helper T cells).
- Some remain as memory B-cells.
- Others become plasma cells, secreting antibodies called immunoglobulins that neutralize antigens by clumping, rupturing or presenting them to phagocytic cells.

Front 30

Psychoneuroimmunology

Back 30

Study of mind-brain-immune system interactions.

Front 31

3 Pathways Psychosocial Variables can Influence Immune Activity

Back 31

1. Direct action of CNS on organs and structures of immune system
2. Secondary consequence of hormonal changes
3. Changes in behaviour that reflect personal characteristics/adaptations to changing life conditions

Front 32

Downregulation

Back 32

Reduced effectiveness of immune system (may be due to high levels epinephrine, norepinephrine and ACTH).
- Can cause long term health consequences

Front 33

Selye Phases of General Adaptation Syndrome

Back 33

Adaptation to demands placed on body is reason for stress (first def of stress)
1. Alarm: mobilizes defences if challenge persists
2. Resistance: Actively cope with challenge through immune and neuroendocrine changes of continues
3. Exhaustion: Energy is depleted. Succumb to disease.

Front 34

Stressor

Back 34

Event that can bring about the characteristic set of changes

Front 35

Transactional Model

Back 35

Stress as property of neither stimulus or response but ongoing series of transactions between the individual and their environment.
- People constantly evaluate what is happening to them

Front 36

Appraisals

Back 36

Evaluations, appraisal of threat.

Front 37

Primary Appraisal

Back 37

Sets stage for further events that may or may not lead to stress. "Is it a threat to me?"

Front 38

Secondary Appraisal

Back 38

"Can I do anything?" If feel helpless, increased stress.

Front 39

Problem Focused Coping

Back 39

Identify and rectify threat

Front 40

Emotion Focused Coping

Back 40

Diverting thoughts or activities (drugs)

Front 41

Appraisal Focused Coping

Back 41

What you can do to change way you think about situation.

Front 42

Variables that can Play Mediating Roles

Back 42

1. Social Status
2. Controllability
3. Social Support

Front 43

Social Status

Back 43

Relative position in social hierarchy , top people live longer. May effect longevity through some stress related physiological effects which it correlates.

Front 44

Controllability

Back 44

Internal locus of control (see as masters of own destiny) external locus of control (buffeted by random events of the world).
- Internal locus protects against harmful effects of stress on health.

Front 45

High Strain Jobs

Back 45

High demands with low control, increase risk of morbidity and mortality due to cardio disease.

Front 46

Social Support

Back 46

Extent to which an individual feels connected to other people in meaningful ways.
- Less deaths in those with many social affiliations, especially in men.

Front 47

Social Support Benefits Comparable to...

Back 47

magnitude of harmful effects of smoking.

Front 48

Absence of Social Support

Back 48

Seems to make existing disease worse

Front 49

Main Stressor that predicted Cold Symtpoms

Back 49

Long standing difficulties associated with work and with interpersonal relationships were main stressors.

Front 50

Ulcers

Back 50

Erosion of lining of stomach, caused (at least in part) by bacterium.

Front 51

3 Causes of ulcers (Only seen in animals)

Back 51

- Brain regulated stomach, in stress induced sympathetic arousal, blood flow diverted away from stomach lining.
- Hyper-secretion of digestive acid because psych stress
- Slow rhythmic contractions differ from frequent contractions in feeding cycle.

Front 52

Weiss and Predictability of Stress

Back 52

More ulcers in rats who couldn't predict shock

Front 53

Weiss and controllability

Back 53

Shocked rates that couldn't control showed most ulcers.

Front 54

Diathesis-Stress

Back 54

Adhesion of H.Pylori more than doubled in saliva samples taken during stress exposure.
- Stressful conditions may play a role in effectiveness in the bacteria that can cause ulcers.

Front 55

Ischemic Heart Disease

Back 55

Blood supply to brain interrupted leading to myocardial infarction.

Front 56

Vasculature

Back 56

Network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins.

Front 57

Lumen

Back 57

Opening of blood vessels

Front 58

Systole

Back 58

Left ventricle pumping blood into major arteries

Front 59

Diastole

Back 59

Pump at rest

Front 60

Cardiac Output

Back 60

Amount of blood pumped by heart.

Front 61

Total Peripheral Resistance

Back 61

Diameter of blood vessels

Front 62

Blood pressure

Back 62

Consequence of cardiac output and total peripheral resistance.

Front 63

Arrhythmias

Back 63

Disturbances in normal pumping rhythm of heart

Front 64

Artherosclerosis

Back 64

Buildup of deposits (plaque) on walls of blood vessels. Narrows arteries.

Front 65

Controllable Risk Factor

Back 65

High blood pressure and smoking

Front 66

Protective Factor

Back 66

Exercise, prevents artherosclerotic buildup.

Front 67

Hypertension

Back 67

high level of resting bp

Front 68

Stress Reactivity Pradigm

Back 68

Many cardio functions responsive to changing psych conditions.

Front 69

Cardiovascular Reactivity

Back 69

Increase in risk for cardio disease, how much individuals cardio function changes in response to psych stimulus.

Front 70

Osler's Type A Personality

Back 70

Heart attacks associated with a particular type of personality. Twice as likely to die from heart disease. Hostility

Front 71

Hostility

Back 71

- Affect (respond with anger and contempt)
- Cog/attitudinal (cynical view of others)
- Behavioural (aggressiveness and antagonism)

Front 72

Psychophysiological Reactivity Model

Back 72

Hostile people at risk because exaggerated physical reaction during stress.

Front 73

Psychosocial Vulnerability Model

Back 73

Demanding life causes higher risk

Front 74

Transaction Model

Back 74

Create bad environment increase vulnerability.

Front 75

Health Behaviour Model

Back 75

More likely to engage in unhealthy behaviour

Front 76

Constitutional Vulnerability

Back 76

Link between hostility and poor health as result of 3rd variable

Front 77

Depression and Heart Attacks

Back 77

- May be severity of cardio disease that leads to depression
- Toxic effects of antidepressants
- Depression may be related to smoking or high bp
- Depression may effect extent people follow treatment
- Inflammatory mechanisms
- Alterations in autonomic and neuroendocrine regulation of heart associated with depression

Front 78

Risk Factors for Heart Attacks That Impact Most

Back 78

- High blood lipids
- Smoking
- Psychosocial

Front 79

2 Classes of Intervention

Back 79

1. Management of stress and related problems
2. Interventions directed toward specific psychosocial variables

Front 80

Generic Stress Management

Back 80

Address either physiological arousal resposnse or behaviours and thought processes believed to play a role eliciting arousal.
-Relaxation Training.

Front 81

Cognitive Behavioural Treatment

Back 81

Identify thinking types that promote stress. New ways of thinking and counteract stress.

Front 82

Recurrent Coronary Prevention Project

Back 82

Two assignments of conditions. Standard counselling and type A counselling.
- Emphasize and encourage social support
- Develop new ways of appraising and coping
- Emotional communication
- New ways of interacting with others