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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Learning |
A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience |
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behaviorism |
A theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping |
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associative learning |
Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection, or an association, between two events |
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observational learning |
Learning that occurs through observing and imitating another's behavior |
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classical conditioning |
Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response |
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unconditioned stimulus |
A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning |
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unconditioned response |
A unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus |
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conditioned stimulus |
a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus |
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conditioned response |
The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after a conditioned stimulus - unconditional stimulus pairing. |
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acquisition |
The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired |
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spontaneous recovery |
The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning |
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counterconditioning |
A classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response |
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aversive conditioning |
A form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus |
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habituation |
Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations |
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operant conditioning |
A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence |
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law of effect |
Thorndike's law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened |
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shaping |
Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior |
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reinforcement |
The process by which a stimulus or an event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again |
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positive reinforcement |
The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior |
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negative reinforcement |
The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior |
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avoidance learning |
An organism's learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response |
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learned helplessness |
Through experience with unavoidable aversive stimuli, an organism learns that it has no control over negative outcomes |
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primary reinforcer |
A reinforcer that is innately satisfying |
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secondary reinforcer |
A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience |
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punishment |
A consequence that decreases the likelihood that the behavior will occur |
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positive punishment |
The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior |
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negative punishment |
The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior |
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prepradeness |
The species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others |
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instinctive drift |
The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning |
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insight learning |
A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution |
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A type of learning that does not involve trial and error is |
Implicit learning |
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Another name for observational learning is |
Modeling |
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When a child hears a loud noise, he cries. The loud noise is |
Unconditioned Response |
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Putting a child who misbehaves in time-out is an example of |
Positive punishment |
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When the answer to a problem just pops into your head, you have experienced |
Insight Learning |
