Plants Unit Test

Front 1

What are Characteristics for Plants

Back 1

-Carry out Photosynthesis

-Contain Cellulose

Front 2

Whats the difference between Vascular and Non vascular plants?

+ examples

Back 2

Vascular- "tracheophytes" conductive system (xylem and phloem) help transport water and dissolved material - fern

Non-vascular- "bryophytes" don't have conductive tissue, swampy moist environment, depend on simple diffusion, osmosis, active transport to move nutrients, waste and water.- mosses, liveworts, hornworts

Front 3

What is the difference between Angiosperm and Gymnosperm

+ example

Back 3

Angiosperm- enclosed seeds in vessel or fruit (not exposed)- apples

Gymnosperm- unprotected seeds, found on cone like structures, cone bearing trees- pine, spruce and cedar. Thin needles used as protection and roots extend over wide areas.

Front 4

What two tissue make up the vascular system of a plant? Explain the difference between the two

Back 4

xylem: transports water and dissolved material from roots to stem. Composed of Tracheids and Vessel Elements that die when mature leaving non living cell walls in place

Phloem: transports nutrients to all parts of plants where needed. It's composed of sleve tissue elements (no nuclei,plates both end with holes and accompanying companion cells ( have a nuclei)

Front 5

What is the Function of Leaves?

Back 5

Photosynthesis

Breathing (stomata)

Front 6

What is the Function of Roots

Back 6

- absorb water, nutrients from soil to provide for plants

- anchor plant, acts as storage of carbohydrates produced by photosythesis

Front 7

What is the Function of Stems

Back 7

-supporting nutritional

-holds leaves upright to light

-transports water up, nutrients through the plant

Front 8

What is a seed in a Monocot ?

Back 8

- one seed leaf (onion)

Front 9

What is a seed in a Dicot?

Back 9

two seed leaves (crops)

Front 10

What are roots in a Monocot ?

Back 10

fibrous roots, many branched roots, equal size

Front 11

What are Roots in Dicots?

Back 11

tap roots, one main root with smaller roots

Front 12

What are Stems in Monocots?

Back 12

small, scattered bundles, large numbers

Front 13

What are Stems in Dicots?

Back 13

bundles circular pattern, vascular cambium separates phloem and xylem

Front 14

What are Leaves in Monocot?

Back 14

Parallel

Front 15

What are Leaves in Dicot?

Back 15

Pinnate, Palmate

Front 16

What are Flowers in Monocot?

Back 16

Pedals x3 (variables)

Front 17

What are Leaves in Dicot

Back 17

Pedals x4 or 5 (Variables)

Front 18

Describe the Cycle of Vascular Plants. Distinguish betweenthe two generations and what the plant in each generation is called.

Back 18

Diploid- (sporophyte, and adult plants)

Stages: goes through meiosis, sporophytes produce haploid spores- can develop without fertilization

Haploid- spore grows into plant cells parts (gametophytes male and female)- gametophyte produce male and female gametes (sperm and egg), fuse at fertilization and develop into another sporophyte

Front 19

Diagram of a Flower- try and label the parts

Back 19

Front 20

Cross selection of a leaf

Back 20

Front 21

Know the difference between male and female parts of a flower. Be able to explain double fertilization

Back 21

-Female gametophyte consist of 6 cells and 2 extra nuclei, called polar nuclei or central cells.

-2 sperm nuclei reach the female gameotophytes,1 fusing with the egg and other with two polar nuclei

-1 sperm nucleus, after fusing with egg produces Zygote

- 2nd sperm fuses with polar nuclei special tissue called endosperm (provides nutrients to develop embryo)

Front 22

Internal and External Factors of Plant Growth

Back 22

Internal Factors- auxin, gibberellins, ethylene, cytokinins, abscicic acid

External Factors light, nitrogen, nitrogen fixation, soil nutrients - 17 elements needed

Nitrogen- leaf growth

Potassium- water balance and protein synthesis

Phosphorus- mitosis, cell division

Calcium- cell walls, membrane permeability

Magnesium- chlorophyll component

Sulfur- Proteins

Front 23

How do Auxins affect the plants

Back 23

-stimulates cell division and cell elongatoion in stem and root

-regulates cell expansion and responds to light and gravity

- found in weed killers

Front 24

How do Cytokinins affect the plants

Back 24

- promotes cell division and cell differentiation

- increases lateral growth

Front 25

How do Gibberellins affect the plants

Back 25

-involved cell elongation of plant shoots

- increases lateral growth

Front 26

How do abscisic acid affect the plants

Back 26

synthesizedin mature leave/root caps. Inhibits the germination of seeds/growth of buds instems (a lot in the fall) blocks intake of co2 by controlling the stomata(open&close)

Front 27

how do Ethylene affect the plants

Back 27

Ethylene- makes aging process of plant tissue occur- (ripening)speeds up leaf abscission, production of this gas can cause other plants toripen too (have to be close)- usually ship unripe food= no bruise then at storespeed up process with ethylene gas

Front 28

what is primary growth

Back 28

Primary growth-upward growth of the stem and downward growth of the roots – Produced by apical meristem- tip of thestem and roots grow longer

Front 29

what is secondary growth

Back 29

Secondary growth –(occurs in dicots) outward growth of a plant (thicker and wider) usually occursin tall plants/ trees to help then stand up straight- without this it would belike a tall strand of grass flopping over- Produced bylateral meristems- increase thecircumference (width)a. Vascular cambium: along roots and stems,produces vascular growth b. Cork cambium: created tough wall for protection

Front 30

Fiberous Roots

Back 30

many branched roots, mostly equal in size (monocot)

Front 31

Palisade Mesophyl

Back 31

tightly packed parenchyma cells right below the epidermis, mostly of photosynthesis occurs here

Front 32

How does water travel from the soil all the way up to the leaf? Know the theories!

Back 32

water gets into the roots by osmosis. then from the roots the water moves up the plant using root pressure.

Root pressure is a mechanism that pushed water up the plant. as the water enter the roots it creates a positive pressure for water that is already there. the water has no where to go other than up.(only reaches 9 meters- small plants)

Transpiration it refers to how water is coheive (sticks together) its loss creates the pull that moves water up the plant. when one molecule is lost another is pulled up (used in big trees/plants)

Front 33

How does sucrose get transported throughout the plant?

Back 33

the Phloem transports sucrose and amino acids up and down the plant (translocation). In general, this happens between where these substances are made (the sources) and where they are used or stored (the sinks).

Front 34

Name the requirements for seed germination.

Back 34

1. Moisture- softens see coat softens so it can break through

2. Temperature- most plants germinated best between 18 - 30 C

3. Oxygen- need to supply a high respiration rate

4. Light and Carbon dioxide- some seeds wont germinated unless exposed to sunlight. ( too much carbon dioxide are bad for seed)

Front 35

What benefits do plants provide?

Back 35

-oxygen

-food

- clothing

-medicine

-building material

Front 36

cotyledon

Back 36

structure within a plants embryo that help to nourish the plant as it starts to grow (seed leaf)

Front 37

endosperm

Back 37

part of a seed that rots as storage for the developing plant embryo usually containing nutrients. endosperm nourishes the embryo as it grows

Front 38

pollen

Back 38

pollen is discharged by the male part of the plant (stamen) this is the plants reproductive cells (sperm cells)

Front 39

sporophyte

Back 39

the diploid plant in sporic reproduction that produces spores (meiosis)

Front 40

gametophytes

Back 40

haploid plant in spotic reproduction that produces gametes (mitosis)

Front 41

bryophyte

Back 41

a small non vascular land plant (reserved for mosses)

Front 42

tracheophyte

Back 42

vascular plants with system of conductive tissue known as xylem and phloem. transports water and dissolved materials throughout the plant- fern

Front 43

Tap root

Back 43

made up of thick roots with few smaller lateral branching roots

Front 44

root hairs

Back 44

covers the surface of the root (fine hairs) they increase area for gas exchange and intake of water and nutrients

Front 45

xylem

Back 45

vascular tissue transports water and minerals from root to leaves

Front 46

phloem

Back 46

vascular tissue transport organic nutrients leave to root

(sometime root to leave-mature leave)

Front 47

pteridophyte

Back 47

vascular plant that reproduces via spores, don't have seeds or flowers- fern

Front 48

Vascular cambium

Back 48

layer of meristematic tissue found along length of roots and stems in some plants (necessary for secondary growth)

Front 49

root tip

Back 49

end of the root

Front 50

root cap

Back 50

covers tip of root (protection)

Front 51

spongy mesophyll

Back 51

layer or irregular shaped loosely packed cells below the palisade mesophyll layer

Front 52

stomata

Back 52

small opening (usually in leaf) allows gas exchange

Front 53

GMO

Back 53

genetically modified organisms- genome has been altered

Front 54

Name and describe the four tissue types.

Back 54

1. merstematic tissue -area of high mitosis two types apica meritstems and lateral meristems

2. dermal tissue- outer covering of a plant, endermis, guard cell

3. ground tissue- make up most of the inside of the plant ie parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells sclerenchyma cells

4.vascular tissue- xylem, phloem

Front 55

What are the different venations of leaves? Arrangement of leaves?

Back 55

venation

pinnate- one main rib

palmate- two or more rib

Parallel

arrangements

alternate

opposite

whorled

Front 56

What is a monoculture? What is an advantage and disadvantage?

Back 56

monoculture: hundreds of plants of one type are grown in one place of the natural ecosystem

advantage- easy to take care of

disadvantage- ruin the soil and if one is affected they all are

Front 57

What are the requirements for photosynthesis? What is the name of the pigment that traps light energy? Where is it found?

Back 57

requirements: light energy, water, CO2, O2,, glucose

traps sunlight- chlorophyll and carotenoids located in leaves

Front 58

What nutrients are required by the plant? Which is needed in the greatest abundance? What form of this nutrient is used by plants? Explain how this form becomes available to the plant.

Back 58

Nutrients needed: potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur,chlorine, iron, boron, zinc, manganese, copper, molybdenum

***NITROGEN the most 1.5%

nitrogen is found in organic matter living and dead things, dead broken down by bacteria and fungi

Front 59

What is the purpose of fertilizers? What are the 3 nutrients found in synthetic fertilizers?

Back 59

fertilizers- help crops grow, provides nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium)

Front 60

Name 2 GMO’s and list 2 advantages and 2disadvantages for each

Back 60

1.Golden Rice- advantage: improve nutrition, increase crop productivity

- disadvantage: suicide seeds (by seeds every year), health risk

2. BT Corn- - advantage: bigger, no bugs

- disadvantage: health risk (pregnant women toxins found- birth defects) harm other organisms (insects larva and monarch butterfly