Biology Lab Test - Plants

Front 1

All plants have an "Alteration of Generations" life cycle in which...

Back 1

...a multicellular diploid "sporophyte" stage alternates with a multicellular haploid "gametophyte" stage.

Front 2

Sporophyte

Back 2

Multicellular diploid (2n) stage of the plant life cycle that produces haploid (n) spores by meiosis

Front 3

Spore

Back 3

unicellular haploid (n) stage of the plant life cycle. It is produced by the sporophyte stage by meiotic division. It will go on to divide by mitosis to yield a multicellular haploid (n) stage called the gametophyte.

Front 4

Gametophyte

Back 4

Multicellular haploid (n) stage of the plant life cycle. It will produce unicellular haploid (n) gametes (sperm and ova) by mitosis.

Front 5

Gametes (sperm and ova)

Back 5

unicellular haploid (n) reproductive cells produced to increase the genetic diversity in the next generation by increasing genetic diversity through sexual reproductions. Gametes are formed by the gametophyte stage of the plant life cycle through mitotic cell division. Fusion of sperm and ova (fertilization) forms a unicellular diploid (2n) structure called a zygote.

Front 6

Zygote

Back 6

unicellular diploid (2n) stage of the plant life cycle formed by the fusion of a unicellular haploid (n) sperm and a unicellular haploid (n) ovum. The zygote contains the genes from two different parents and is genetically different from either parent. The zygote will divide by mitosis to produce the multicellular diploid (2n) sporophyte stage of the life cycle.

Front 7

Angiosperms

Back 7

"Flowering Plants"

Front 8

Flower

Back 8

reproductive structures of the plants. Modified stem with modified leaves.

Front 9

Whorl

Back 9

when three or more leaves are attached to the same node

Front 10

Name the 4 nonfertile Flower parts

Back 10

Sepal, Calyx, Petal, Corolla

Front 11

Sepal

Back 11

non-fertile outermost type of modified leaf, protects the developing bud.

Front 12

Calyx

Back 12

whorl of sepals

Front 13

Petal

Back 13

non-fertile next innermost type of modified leaf, often brightly colored to attract pollinators

Front 14

Corolla

Back 14

Whorl of petals

Front 15

Name the Fertile Flower Male parts

Back 15

Stamen
-Filament
-Anther

Front 16

Stamen

Back 16

third innermost type of modified leafe. Male reproductive structure, fertile. Each stamen is a microsporophyll (microspore-producing leaf). Each consists of two parts, filament and anther.

Front 17

Filament

Back 17

Stalk that elevates the anther

Front 18

Anther

Back 18

located at the tip of the filament and contains microsporangia (microspore producing chambers) also refered to as "pollen sacs" because they contain microsporocytes that produce microspores (male spores, or pollen grains) by meiosis.

Front 19

Name the Fertile Flower Female Parts

Back 19

Pistil
Carpel
-Stigma
-Style
-Ovary
--Ovule

Front 20

Pistil

Back 20

Innermost whorl of modified leaves. Composed of one or more carpels.

Front 21

Carpel

Back 21

fourth and innermost type of modified leaf. Female reproductive structures of the flower and are fertile. Each carpel is a megasporophyll (megaspore producing leaf) and consists of a Stigma, Style and Ovary

Front 22

Stigma

Back 22

very tip portion of the carpel. Means "sticky" and has sticky secretions that help to catch pollen

Front 23

Style

Back 23

Elongated stalk middle portion of carpel that functions to elevate the stigma so it can catch more pollen

Front 24

Ovary

Back 24

base of the carpel. Within the ovary is a structure called the ovule

Front 25

Ovule

Back 25

Consists of two parts, Megasporangium (megaspore-producing chamber), and it's Protective Integuments. The Megasporangium contains megasporocytes that will produce megaspores (female spores) by meiosis.

Front 26

Complete Flower

Back 26

contains all four whorls...sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils

Front 27

Incomplete Flower

Back 27

missing one or more of the four whorls

Front 28

Perfect Flower

Back 28

has both types of fertile whorls (stamens and pistils)

Front 29

Imperfect Flower

Back 29

missing one of the two fertile whorls, stamen or pistils.

Front 30

Staminate Flower

Back 30

imperfect flower that hasonly stamens, also called male flower.

Front 31

Pistillate / carpellate flower

Back 31

imperfect flower that has only pistils/carpels....also called female flower.

Front 32

Monoecious Plants

Back 32

Produce both types of imperfect flower on the same plant and the one plant is therefore able to produce both male and female gametes for sexual reproduction

Front 33

Dioecious Plants

Back 33

Produce only one of the two types of imperfect flowers (carpellate or staminate) so it requires two seperate plants to reproduce sexually, one with staminante flowers and other with carpellate flowers.

Front 34

Male Gametophyte Formation - list the events

Back 34

-Inside each anther are microsporangia containing diploid microsporocytes that divide meiotically to form four haploid microspores.
-Each haploid microspore divides by mitosis oce forming two cells: tube cell and Generative Cell.

Front 35

Tube Cell

Back 35

Forms the pollen tube shortly after pollination

Front 36

Generative Cell

Back 36

Exists suspended in the cytoplasm of the tube cell where it will eventually divide by mitosis forming two haploid sperm; the structure is now recognized as a mature pollen grain and representsthe male gametophyte stage of the life cycle.

Front 37

Female Gametophyte Formation - list the events

Back 37

-Inside the ovary is an ovule consisting of a megasporangium and its protective integuments.
-Within the megasporangium are diploid megasporocytes that divide meiotically to form four haploid megaspores; only one will survive, the other three degenerate.
-The surviving megaspore nucleus divides mitotically three times without cytokinesis, forming one large cell with 8 haploid nuclei.
-Cytokinesis occurs partioning the mass into 7 cells with 8 nuclei. This structure is called the embryo sac, which represents the female gametophyte stage of the life cycle.

Front 38

Antipodal cells - where located?

Back 38

3 cells at the top of the embryo sac

Front 39

Central cells - Where located?

Back 39

Middle, large cell. 2 polar nuclei

Front 40

Synergids - where located?

Back 40

bottom, 2 cells.

Front 41

Egg Cell - where located?

Back 41

bottom, middle cell of embryo sac.

Front 42

Pollination

Back 42

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. Pollination must occur before fertilization.

Front 43

Fertilization

Back 43

fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and ova)

Front 44

Double Fertilization

Back 44

Unique process undergone by angiosperms in which there are two sperms that fuse with different female nuclei

Front 45

Process of Double Fertilization

Back 45

-After adhering to the sticky stigma, the pollen grain tube cell begins forming the pollen tube that grows down the style toward the ovary

-Pollen tube growth is directed chemically by calcium ion secretion from the micropyle (a small opening remaining in the ovule protective integuments)

-prior to or shortly after pollination the generative cell divides by mitosis to form two sperm (male gametes)

-The tip of the pollen tube enters the ovary, finds and enters the micropyle (small opening in the ovule integuments), and releases the two sperm into the embryo sac

-The first sperm fertilizes the egg cell to form a diploid zygote that will divide mitotically to become the embryonic sporophyte.

-The second sperm fuses with the two polar nuclei in the central cell to form a triploid nucleus that will divide mitotically to form the endosperm (food for the sporophyte during germination).

-Each ovule after double fertilization, will develop into a sedd and the ovary will develop into fruit enclosing the seeds

-A seed is a mature ovule and the fruit is a mature ovary

Front 46

Seed Coat

Back 46

stony or leathery covering of a seed; forms from the ovule's protective integuments

Front 47

Endosperm

Back 47

provides nourishment for the embryonic sporophyte during germination; forms from the fusion of the second sperm cell and the two polar nuclei of the central cell of the embryo sac.

Front 48

Embryonic Sporophyte

Back 48

the next sporophyte generation, forms from the fusion of the first sperm cell nd the egg cell of the embryo sac

Front 49

Angiosperms taxonomically belong to which division of plants?

Back 49

Magnoliophyta

Front 50

What are the two taxonomic "classes" of Magnoliophytes?

Back 50

Liliopsida (monocots)
Magnoliopsida (dicots)

Front 51

Monocots

Back 51

named for the seeds they produce in which the embryo has a single cotyledon.

Front 52

Cotyledon

Back 52

"seed leaf" stores the endosperm in the form of starch until it is needed by the embryonic sporophyte at the time of germination. Not a photosynthetic leaf and will shrivel and fall off shortly after the embryo penetrates the soil surface as the endosperm is consumed

Front 53

Dicots

Back 53

named for the seeds they produce in which the embryo has two cotyledons

Front 54

Epicotyl

Back 54

part of the embryonic sporophyte above the attachment to the cotyledon

Front 55

Plumule

Back 55

epicotyle terminates here. First true photosynthetic leaves of the plant.

Front 56

Hypocotyle

Back 56

Portion of the embryonic sporophyte below the attachment to the cotyledon.

Front 57

Radical

Back 57

Hypocotyl terminates here. Embryonic root of the plant. First part of the embryo to emerge from the seed because the embryo needs to quickly establish a water supply.

Front 58

Nonvascular Plants

Back 58

-No vacular tissue (xylem or phloem)
-Gametophyte dominant
-Flagellated sperm
-Homosporous (produce only one type of spore)
-Seedless

Front 59

Which divisions of plants are non-vascular?

Back 59

Bryophyta "mosses
Hepatophyta "Liverworts"
Anthocerophyta "hornworts"

Front 60

Seedless Vascular Plants

Back 60

-Have vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
-Sporophyte dominant
-Flagellated Sperm
-Homosporous
-Seedless

Front 61

Which divisions of plants are "seedless vasuclar"

Back 61

-Pterophyta "Ferns"
-Sphenophyta "Horsetails"
-Psilophyta "Whisk Ferns"
-Lycophyta "Club Mosses" (is heterosporous)

Front 62

What are the two types of seed plants?

Back 62

Gymnosperms (naked seeds) and Angiosperms (Enclosed seeds)

Front 63

Gymnosperms

Back 63

-vascular
-sporophyte dominant
-sperm nonflagellated
-heterosporous
-produce naked seeds

Front 64

What divisions of plants are "gymnosperms"?

Back 64

-Cycadophyta "cyads" (flagellated sperm)
-Ginkgophyta "ginkgos" (Flagellated sperm)
-Gnetophyta "gnetophytes"
-Coniferophyta "Conifers"

Front 65

Angiosperms

Back 65

-vascular
-sporophyte dominant
-nonflagellated sperm
-heterosporus
-Produce seeds enclosed within a "fruit" produce from a "flower"

Front 66

Antheridium

Back 66

male reproductive structure; produces male gametes (sperm) by mitosis

Front 67

Archegonium

Back 67

Female reproductive structure; produces female gametes (eggs) by mitosis

Front 68

Protonema

Back 68

Early developing stages of a moss gametophyte; resembles a filamentous green algea.

Front 69

Gemma Cup

Back 69

tiny bowl-shaped structures located on a liverwort thallus; gemmae are produced asexually within the bowl, are genetically identical to the parent thallus, and are a means of asexual reproduction in liverworts

Front 70

Prothallium / Prothallus

Back 70

technical name for the hear-shaped fern gametophyte

Front 71

Sporophyll

Back 71

technical name for a reproductive fern frond that has sori

Front 72

Sorus

Back 72

a cluster of sporngia on a fern sporophyll, "sori" plural

Front 73

Sporangium

Back 73

chamber in which spores are produced

Front 74

Annulus

Back 74

modified right of cells located around the circumference of a fern sporangium that aids in spore dispersal when the sporangium is mature.

Front 75

Indusium

Back 75

umbrella-like shield that protects the developing sporangia of the sori of some ferns.

Front 76

Bryophytes

Back 76

"nonvascular Seedless Plants"

Front 77

BRYOPHYTA
-Common Name
-What division
-GD/SD
-V/NV
-HM/HT
-FS/NFS
-S/SL

Back 77

-Mosses
-GD
-Byophytes
-NV
-HM
-FS
-SL

Front 78

HEPATOPHYTA
-Common Name
-What division
-GD/SD
-V/NV
-HM/HT
-FS/NFS
-S/SL

Back 78

-Liverworts
-Bryophytes
-GD
-NV
-HM
-FS
-SL

Front 79

ANTHOCEROPHYTA
-Common Name
-What division
-GD/SD
-V/NV
-HM/HT
-FS/NFS
-S/SL

Back 79

-Hornworts
-Bryophytes
-GD
-NV
-HM
-FS
-SL

Front 80

Pteridiophytes

Back 80

"Vascular seedless plants"

Front 81

PTEROPHYTA
-Common Name
-What division
-GD/SD
-V/NV
-HM/HT
-FS/NFS
-S/SL

Back 81

-Ferns
-Pteridiophytes
-SD
-V
-HM
-FS
-SL

Front 82

SPHENOPHYTA
-Common Name
-What division
-GD/SD
-V/NV
-HM/HT
-FS/NFS
-S/SL

Back 82

-Horsetils
-Pteridiophytes
-SD
-V
-HM
-FS
-SL

Front 83

PSILOPHYTA
-Common Name
-What division
-GD/SD
-V/NV
-HM/HT
-FS/NFS
-S/SL

Back 83

-Whisk Ferns
-Pteridiophytes
-SD
-V
-HM
-FS
-SL

Front 84

LYCOPHYTA
-Common Name
-What division
-GD/SD
-V/NV
-HM/HT
-FS/NFS
-S/SL

Back 84

-Club Mosses
-Pteridiophytes
-SD
-V
-HT
-FS
-SL

Front 85

GYMNOSPERMS

Back 85

"Naked Seeds"

Front 86

CYCADOPHYTA
-Common Name
-What division
-GD/SD
-V/NV
-HM/HT
-FS/NFS
-S/SL

Back 86

-Cycads
-Gymnosperms
-SD
-V
-HT
-FS
-S

Front 87

GINKGOPHYTA
-Common Name
-What division
-GD/SD
-V/NV
-HM/HT
-FS/NFS
-S/SL

Back 87

-Ginkgos
-Gymnosperms
-SD
-V
-HT
-FS
-S

Front 88

GNETOPHYTA
-Common Name
-What division
-GD/SD
-V/NV
-HM/HT
-FS/NFS
-S/SL

Back 88

-Gnetophytes
-Gymnosperms
-SD
-V
-HT
-NFS
-S

Front 89

CONIFEROPHYTA
-Common Name
-What division
-GD/SD
-V/NV
-HM/HT
-FS/NFS
-S/SL

Back 89

-Conifers
-Gymnosperms
-SD
-V
-HT
-NFS
-S

Front 90

Angiosperms

Back 90

"Enclosed Sees"

Front 91

ANTHOPHYTA
-Common Name
-What division
-GD/SD
-V/NV
-HM/HT
-FS/NFS
-S/SL

Back 91

-Flowering plants
-Angiosperms
-SD
-V
-HT
-NFS
-S

Front 92

MONOCOTYLEDONAE
-Common Name
-What division
-GD/SD
-V/NV
-HM/HT
-FS/NFS
-S/SL

Back 92

-Monocots
-Angiosperms
-SD
-V
-HT
-NFS
-S

Front 93

DICOTYLEDONAE
-Common Name
-What division
-GD/SD
-V/NV
-HM/HT
-FS/NFS
-S/SL

Back 93

-Dicots
-Angiosperms
-SD
-V
-HT
-NFS
-S

Front 94

Strobilus

Back 94

a cone

Front 95

Ovulate / Seed Strobilus

Back 95

seed producing cone

Front 96

Megasporophyll

Back 96

leaf that produces megaspores

Front 97

Megasporocyte

Back 97

diploid cell located within a megasporangium and is specialized to produce megaspores by meiosis

Front 98

Straminate / Pollen Strobilus

Back 98

Pollen producing cone

Front 99

Microsporophyll

Back 99

leaf that produces microspores

Front 100

Microsporangium

Back 100

chamber that produces microspores, located withing the microsporophyll

Front 101

Microsporocyte

Back 101

diploid cell located within a microsporangium and is specialized to produce microspores by meiosis

Front 102

Phylum? Common Name? What Stage of Life Cycle? What is the pointer on? What will this structure produce?

Back 102

Bryophyta. Mosses. Gametophyte. Antheridium. Sperm by mitosis.

Front 103

Phylum? Common Name? Stage in life cycle? What is the pointer on? What will this structure produce?

Back 103

Bryophyta. Mosses. Gametophyte. Archegonium. Eggs by mitosis.

Front 104

What Phylum? Common Name? What is this structure called? What stage in the life cycle? What are the elongated ovals in the middle of this structure? What do they contain? What is this whole structure called?

Back 104

Bryophyta. Mosses. Sporophyte. Sporangium diploid sporophytes that devide by meiosis to form haploid spores.Capsule.

Front 105

What Phylum? Common name? What are these structures? What stage in life cycle?

Back 105

Bryophyta. Mosses. Protonema. Early Gametophyte.

Front 106

What Phylum? Common name? What are these structures? What stage in life cycle?

Back 106

Bryophyta. Mosses. Protonema. Early Gametophyte.

Front 107

Phylum? Common Name? Sexual or asexual? What stage in life cycle? What are the structures the pointer is on? What do they produce?

Back 107

Hepatophyta. Liverworts. Sexual. Gametophyte. Antheridium. Sperm by mitosis.

Front 108

Phylum? Common name? What stage in life cycle? Sexual or Asexual? What is this structure called? What does it produce?

Back 108

Hepatophyta. Liverworts. Gametophyte. Sexual. Archegonia. Egg.

Front 109

Phylum? Common Name? What stage of the life cycle is pointer on? What stage is slightly to the right? What are the three sections? What are the red lines in the bottom section? What are their purpose?

Back 109

Hepatophyta. Liverworts. Sporophyte. Female Gametophyte. Foot, Seta, Capsule. Elaters. Help with spore dispersal.

Front 110

Phylum? Common Name? What is the structure the pointer is on? What does it contain? Sexual or Asexual?

Back 110

Hepatophyta. Liverworts. Gemmae cup. Gemma. Asexual

Front 111

Phylum? Common name? What is this whole structure called? What is the pointer on? What stage of the life cycle is this?

Back 111

Pterophyta. Fern. Sorus. Sporangium. Sporophyte.

Front 112

Phylum? Common name? What are these structures called? What is the ring on the outside called? What is it's purpose?

Back 112

Pterophyta. Fern. Sporangium. Annulus. Spore dispersal.

Front 113

Phylum? Common name? Stage in the life cycle? What is this whole structure called? What the pointer is on? Circles on the sids?

Back 113

pterophyta. ferns. gametophyte. prothalius. Archegonium. Antheridium.

Front 114

Phylum? Common name? What is this whole structure? Structure the pointer is on? Whole Diamond shape structure in which previous answer was located?

Back 114

Conifera. Conifers. Ovulate Strobilus. Megasporangium. Megasporophyll.

Front 115

Phylum? Common Name? What stage in the life cycle? What is this whole structure called? What is the pointer on? What is the whole structure in which last answer is contained?

Back 115

Conifera. Conifers. Sporophyte. Straminate Strobilus. Microsporangium. Microsporophyll.

Front 116

Phylum? Common Name? What are these structures? What stage of life cycle? What do they contain? Male or Female?

Back 116

Conifera. Conifers. Pollen Grains. Gametophyte. Sperm. Male.

Front 117

What is this strucure? What is the pointer on? What is it's purpose?

Back 117

Root. Root cap. Tip portion of the zone of cell division; contains slippery polysaccharide that lubricates the root tip as it pushes through the soil.

Front 118

Hers Disease

Back 118

Phosphorylase defective- increased amt of glycogen in LIVER

-Like Type 1 (von Gierke) but milder

Front 119

What is this structure? What is the pointer on? What is it's purpose?

Back 119

Stem. Lenticel. dermal and outer ground tissues of stem serve as a site of gas exchange.

Front 120

What type of cells are these? What are the elongated cells called? What is the pointer cell called? What is the structure in the middle of this cell?

Back 120

Leaf. Epidermal Cells. Guard Cells. Stoma.

Front 121

What is this strucuture? What is the round part? What is the part pointer is on? Where does this structure form from and what does it mark?

Back 121

Tap Root. Tap root, primary root. Secondary, lateral, branch root. Forms from the pericycle of root, marks the outermost boundry of the stele or "vascular cylinder".

Front 122

What is this structure? Name the layers.

Back 122

Dicot Root

Front 123

What is this structure? Name the layers?

Back 123

Monocot root.

Front 124

What is this structure? Name the layers?

Back 124

Monocot root.

Front 125

What is this structure? Name the layers?

Back 125

Monocot root.

Front 126

What is this structure? Name the layers.

Back 126

Monocot stem

Front 127

What structure is this...what is the pointer on. Name all layers in order of this type of structure.

Back 127

Woody dicot stem. secondary xylem.

Front 128

What is this structure? What kind of structure is it? name the layers

Back 128

Leaf. Mesophytic

Front 129

What is this structure? What kind of structure is it? name the layers

Back 129

Leaf. Mesophytic

Front 130

What is this strucure? What type of strucuture is it? Name the layers.

Back 130

Leaf. Mesophytic.

Front 131

what is this structure? What type is it? Name the layers

Back 131

Leaf. Mesophytic

Front 132

What structure is this? What type

Back 132

leaf. hydrophytic

Front 133

What structure is this? What type

Back 133

leaf. mesophytic

Front 134

what structure is this? What type

Back 134

leaf. xerophytic

Front 135

What structure is this? What type

Back 135

Leaf. Hydrophytic

Front 136

What structure is this? What type? What is the pointer on?

Back 136

Leaf. Xerophytic. Tricones.

Front 137

Monocot Seeds v. Dicot seeds

Back 137

Monocot: have single cotyledon called scutellum
Dicot: Have 2 cotyledons

Front 138

Moncot Floral v. Dicot Floral

Back 138

monocot: 3's or multiple of 3
Dicot: 4's or 5's or multiples of 4 and 4

Front 139

Monocot Root v. Dicot Root

Back 139

monocot: fibrous root system
dicot: taproot systemm

Front 140

monocto stems v. dicot stems

Back 140

monocot: scattered arrangement of vascular bundles
dicot: ring like arrangement of vascular bundles.

Front 141

Monocot leaves v dicot leaves

Back 141

monocot: parallel leaf veins, no well-defined palisade mesophyll
dicot: net-like leaf veins, well defined palisade mesophyll

Front 142

Angiosperm plant bodies can be divided into two systems...

Back 142

shoot system and root system

Front 143

angiosperm plant bodies are composed of three tissue systems...

Back 143

dermal, vascular and ground

Front 144

zone of cell division

Back 144

location of root apical meristem, where mitosis occurs

Front 145

zone of elongation

Back 145

immediately behind the zone of ell division, take on water by osmosis they elongate and push rot through soil.

Front 146

zone of maturation/differentiation

Back 146

located behind the zone of cell division, maturing and differentiating into one of the three tissue types.

Front 147

Stomata

Back 147

opening that facilitate gas exchange, primarily on the leaves and are formed by a pair of guard cells. Guard cells become turgid, the stomata are open nd when the guard cells become flaccid the stomata are closed.