Physio 2B Ch. 22 Respiratory System

Front 1

What are the three meanings of respiration?

Back 1

- Ventilation of the lungs (breathing)
- Exchange of gases between air / blood and between blood / tissue fluid
- The use of oxygen in cellular metabolism

Front 2

List some important functions of the respiratory system:

Back 2

-O2/ CO2 exchange between blood and air
-speech
-smell
-acid/base balance
-a step in angiotensin ll synthesis
-respiratory pump
-Valsalva maneuver

Front 3

The principal organs of the respiratory system are:

Back 3

nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs

Front 4

Division of the respiratory system that consists of those passages that serve only for airflow; essentially, from the nostrils through the major bronchioles:

Back 4

Conducting division

Front 5

Division of the respiratory system that consists of the alveoli and other distal gas-exchange regions.

Back 5

Respiratory division

Front 6

The airway from the nose through the larynx (the respiratory organs in the head and neck) is often called the:

Back 6

Upper Respiratory Tract

Front 7

The regions from the trachea through the lungs (the respiratory organs of the thorax) compose the:

Back 7

Lower Respiratory Tract

Front 8

The barrier between the alveolar air and blood is called:
How thick?

Back 8

the Respiratory membrane; 0.5µm

Front 9

The respiratory membrane consists of:

Back 9

the simple squamous alveolar cell, the simple squamous endothelial cell of the capillary, and their shared basement membrane.

Front 10

Breathing consists of a repetitive cycle of ________ and ________. One complete ________ and ________ is called a ___________.

Back 10

Breathing consists of a repetitive cycle of INSPIRATION and EXPIRATION. One complete INSPIRATION and EXPIRATION is called a RESPIRATORY CYCLE.

Front 11

The respiratory cycle = ___Breaths/min.

Back 11

The respiratory cycle = 12 Breaths/min.

Front 12

The prime mover of pulmonary ventilation is the:

Back 12

diaphragm

Front 13

Chief alternate muscles that aid the diaphragm as synergists in breathing whose primary function is to stiffen the thoracic cage:

Back 13

Internal & External Intercostals

Front 14

Muscles that hold stationary ribs 1 & 2.

Back 14

the scalene muscles of the neck

Front 15

the accessory muscles of breathing are:

Back 15

External Intercostals
Scalenes
Erector Spinae
Sternocleidomastoids
Pectoralis
Serratus Anterior

Front 16

In forced expiration, the _____________ pulls down on the sternum and lower ribs, while the Interosseous part of the _____________ pulls the other ribs downward.

Back 16

In forced expiration, the Rectus Abdominis pulls down on the sternum and lower ribs, while the Interosseous part of the Internal Intercostals pulls the other ribs downward.

Front 17

Conscious breathing =
Unconscious breathing =

Back 17

Conscious breathing = Cerebral
Unconscious breathing = medulla & pons

Front 18

The Ventral Respiratory Group is in the:

Back 18

Medulla

Front 19

The Dorsal Respiratory Group is in the:

Back 19

Medulla

Front 20

The Pontine Respiratory Group (pneumotaxic center) is in the:

Back 20

Pons

Front 21

Respiratory center that is the primary generator of the respiratory rhythm and active in heavy breathing & forced expiration:

Back 21

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

Front 22

Respiratory center that modifies respiratory rhythm/phrenic nurves to diaphragm

Back 22

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

Front 23

Respiratory center that initiates shifts from inspiration to expiration:

Back 23

Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG) aka pneumotaxic center

Front 24

The normal respiratory rate =

Back 24

12breaths/min. = 5 second cycle

Front 25

Chemoreceptors located on each side of the medulla:

Back 25

central chemoreceptors

Front 26

The Peripheral chemoreceptors located in the carotid and aortic bodies, communicate with the brainstem & DRG via the:

Back 26

glossopharygeal nerves

Front 27

Stretch receptors are found in the:
They respond to inflation of the lungs and signal the _________ via the _______.

Back 27

Stretch receptors are found in the: BRONCHI, BRONCHIOLES, & VISCERAL PLEURA.
They respond to inflation of the lungs and signal the DRG via the VAGUS.

Front 28

Excessive inflation triggers the Inflation (HeringBreuer) reflex, a protective somatic reflex that inhibits:

Back 28

the DRG

Front 29

Nerve endings amid the epithelial cells of the airway that respond to smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, and excess mucus.

Back 29

Irritant Receptors;

Front 30

Irritant Receptors transmit signals via the ______ to the ________.
The _____ returns signals to the respiratory and bronchial muscles, resulting in protective reflexes such as:

Back 30

They transmit signals via the VAGUS NERVES to the DRG.
resulting in protective reflexes such as: bronchoconstriction, shallower breathing, breath-holding, or coughing.

Front 31

pressure is inversely proportional to its volume:

Back 31

Boyle's law

Front 32

Volume is directly proportional to Temp.

Back 32

Charle's law

Front 33

The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures:

Back 33

Dalton's law

Front 34

The solubility of a gas and its partial pressure determines the amount that dissolves in water:

Back 34

Henry's law

Front 35

The slight vacuum between the two layers of pleura is called _________ and =

Back 35

INTERPLEURAL PRESSURE AND = -4mmHg to -6mmHg

Front 36

The pressure within the alveoli during quiet inspiration is called _________ and =

Back 36

INTERPULMONARY PRESSURE AND =-3mmHg

Front 37

The presence of air in the pleural cavity:

Back 37

Pneumothorax

Front 38

The collapse of part or all of a lung is called:

Back 38

Atelectasis

Front 39

What are the three factors of particular importance to the resistance to airflow?

Back 39

Diameter of the bronchioles
Pulmonary Compliance
Surface tension of the alveoli and distal bronchioles

Front 40

The primary means of controlling airflow is:

Back 40

the bronchioles

Front 41

What stimulates bronchoconstriction:

Back 41

Histamine
PNS (ACH)
Cold/irritants
↓ CO2

Front 42

What stimulates bronchodilation:

Back 42

SNS (epinephrine & norepinephrine)
↑ CO2

Front 43

The ease with which the lungs expand:

Back 43

Pulmonary Compliance

Front 44

Surface tension of the alveoli is reduced by:

Back 44

pulmonary surfactant; Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

Front 45

an agent that disrupts the hydrogen bonds of water and reduces surface tension:

Back 45

surfactant

Front 46

The lack of pulmonary surfactant in premies is called:

Back 46

infant respiratory distress syndrome

Front 47

The amount of air in the lungs that doesn't get exchanged is called:

Back 47

the anatomical dead space = 150mL

Front 48

Tidal Volume - the anat. dead space x the resp. rate =

Back 48

The Alveolar Ventilation Rate (AVR)
500ml - 150ml = 350ml x 12 breaths/min
= 4.2 L/min.

Front 49

Alveolar Ventilation =

Back 49

Tidal Volume - Anatomical dead space
Alveolar Ventilation = 500ml - 150ml
Alveolar Ventilation = 350ml

Front 50

The amount of air left in the lungs that remains after exhilation and can never be completely emptied:

Back 50

Residual Volume = 1,300ml

Front 51

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing:

Back 51

Tidal Volume (TV) = 500ml

Front 52

The amount, beyond the Tidal Volume, that can be inhaled with maximum effort:

Back 52

Inspiratory reserve Volume (IRV) = 3,000ml

Front 53

The amount that can be exhaled with maximum effort, beyond the amount normally exhaled:

Back 53

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) = 1,200ml

Front 54

The amount left that can never be exhaled, that is left even after the ERV:

Back 54

Residual Volume (RV) = 1,300ml

Front 55

Volumes are:
Capacities are:

Back 55

Volumes are: measured
Capacities are: calculated

Front 56

The maximum ability to ventilate the lungs in one breath:

Back 56

Vital Capacity

Front 57

Vital Capacity =

Back 57

(ERV + TV + IRV) = 4,700ml

Front 58

Relaxed, quiet breathing is called:

Back 58

eupnea

Front 59

Increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain etc.

Back 59

Hyperpnea

Front 60

Increased pulmonary ventilation, used to raise blood pH to compensate for acidosis:

Back 60

Hyperventilation

Front 61

Accelerated respiration:

Back 61

Tachypnea

Front 62

Used to lower blood pH to compensate for alkalosis:

Back 62

Hypoventilation

Front 63

Labored, gasping breathing; shortness of breath:

Back 63

Dyspnea

Front 64

Temporary cessation of breathing:

Back 64

Apnea

Front 65

Deep, rapid breathing often induced by acidosis; seen in diabetes melitis:

Back 65

Kussmaul respiration

Front 66

The back and forth traffic of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane is called:

Back 66

alveolar exchange

Front 67

Blood arriving at lungs:
PO2=
PCO2=

Back 67

PO2= 40mmHg
PCO2= 46mmHg

Front 68

Blood leaving lungs:
PO2=
PCO2=

Back 68

PO2= 95mmHg
PCO2= 40mmHg

Front 69

Alveolar air:
PO2=
PCO2=

Back 69

PO2= 104mmHg
PCO2= 40mmHg

Front 70

Tissue fluid ECF:
PO2=
PCO2=

Back 70

PO2= 40mmHg
PCO2= 46mmHg

Front 71

CO2 is __ x more soluble than O2:

Back 71

CO2 is 20 times more soluble than O2.

Front 72

In good health, each lung has about ___M² of respiratory membrane.

Back 72

70 m²

Front 73

The ability to match ventilation and perfusion to each other:

Back 73

Ventilation-Perfusion coupling

Front 74

The primary determinant of bronchiole diameter is:

Back 74

CO²

Front 75

The primary determinant of pulmonary arteriole diameter is:

Back 75

O²

Front 76

If one or more molecules of O₂ are bound to hemoglobin, the compound is called:
-Homoglobin with no oxygen bound to it is called:

Back 76

oxyhemoglobin (HbO₂)
-deoxyhemoglobin (HHb)

Front 77

What are the three ways that carbon Dioxide is carried in the blood:

Back 77

Carbonic acid
Carbamino compounds
Dissolved Gas

Front 78

About 90% of CO2 is carried in the form of:

Back 78

Carbonic acid

Front 79

About 5% of CO2 is carried bound to amino groups of plasma proteins and hemoglobin in the form of:

Back 79

carbamino compounds - chiefly carbaminohemoglobin

Front 80

The other 5% of CO2 is carried in the blood as:

Back 80

dissolved gas

Front 81

What are the percentages of EXCHANGED CO₂ for:
-Carbonic acid
-Carbaminohemoglobin
-Dissolved gas

Back 81

-Carbonic acid = 70%
-Carbaminohemoglobin = 23%
-Dissolved gas = 7%

Front 82

CO2 is catalyzed by the enzyme:

Back 82

carbonic anhydrase

Front 83

The antiport that pumps most of the HCO₃- out of the RBC in exchange for Cl- from the blood plasma is called:

Back 83

the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger

Front 84

The exchange of HCO₃- and Cl- is called:

Back 84

chloride shift

Front 85

When H+ binds to oxyhemoglobin, it reduces the affinity for ___ and releases it:

Back 85

O₂

Front 86

The Rate of O₂ unload is adjusted by:

Back 86

-low tissue PO₂
-↑ Temp = ↑ O₂ unloading
-↑ CO₂ = ↑O₂ unloading do to low pH
-BPG-bisphosphoglycerate = binds to hemoglobin and promotes O₂ unloading

Front 87

The increase in HbO₂ dissociation in response to low pH is called:

Back 87

the Bohr effect

Front 88

What promotes BPG-bisphosphoglycerate production?

Back 88

fever, epinephrine etc.

Front 89

A low level of oxyhemoglobin (HbO₂) enables the blood to transport more CO₂, a phenomenon known as:

Back 89

the Haldine effect

Front 90

What is the formula of CO₂ / O₂ exchange in the blood?

Back 90

CO₂ + H₂O ←→ H₂CO₃ ←→ HCO₃- + H+

Front 91

Acidosis is a pH lower than:
Alkalosis is a pH greater than:

Back 91

Acidosis is a pH lower than: 7.35
Alkalosis is a pH greater than: 7.45

Front 92

Arterial PO₂ signifficantly affects respiration only if it drops below ___mmHg

Back 92

60mmHg

Front 93

Long-term hypoxia can lead to a situation where respiration is driven more low PO₂ than by CO₂ or pH called:
-Occurs in emphysema and pneumonia.

Back 93

Hypoxic drive; giving oxygen can cause them to stop breathing

Front 94

A state of low arterial PO₂, usually due to inadequate pulmonary gas exchange:

Back 94

Hypoxemic hypoxia

Front 95

Results from inadequate circulation of the blood, as in congestive heart failure:

Back 95

Ischemic hypoxia

Front 96

Due to anemia and the resulting inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen.

Back 96

Anemic hypoxia

Front 97

Occurs when a metabolic poison such ans cyanide prevents the tissues from using the oxygen delivered to them:

Back 97

Histotoxic hypoxia

Front 98

Blueness of the skin:

Back 98

cyanosis

Front 99

A mixture of mucus and cellular debris:

Back 99

sputum