Physical Geography (Adam Coles)

Front 1

What are the two types of natural hazards

Back 1

Tectonic hazards and climatic hazards

Front 2

How do tectonic hazards occur

Back 2

Earths crust moves

Front 3

How do climatic hazards occur

Back 3

Region has certain weather conditions

Front 4

What are the Earths four main layers

Back 4

Inner core, outer core, mantle

Front 5

What is the movement of constructive plates

Back 5

Arrows go away form each other

Front 6

What is the movement of conservative plates

Back 6

Arrows go beside each other

Front 7

What is the movement of destructive plates

Back 7

Arrows go towards each other

Front 8

How can you measure Earthquakes

Back 8

Using a machine called a seismometer the have been measured on the Ritcher Scale

Front 9

What are the different types of responses

Back 9

Short term- a response in the days and week immediately after Long term- a response that goes on for months and years after a disaster

Front 10

What are the main ways to reduce the effect of a natural hazard

Back 10

Prediction, protection, planning and monitoring

Front 11

What is the structure of a volcano

Back 11

Magma chamber, main vent, secondary vent and crater

Front 12

What are the 2 types of volcanoes

Back 12

Shield and composite

Front 13

Why do people live near volcanoes

Back 13

Fertile land, geothermal energy and minerals in lava

Front 14

What is a tropical storm

Back 14

Very powerful, low pressure weather system

Front 15

How do tropical storms develop

Back 15

Form between 5 and 30 degree latitude, water is heated then warm air rises leading it to strong winds then warn air spirals upwards to form clouds to form eye of the wall and cause heavy rainfall

Front 16

How does the greenhouse effect cause a temperature increase

Back 16

Heat from sun heats the Earths surface, then surface gives of heat, heat is trapped by greenhouse gas this then heats up the earth

Front 17

What are human factors that increase global warming

Back 17

Burning fossil fuels, deforestation, agriculture and dumping waste in landfills

Front 18

What are human factors that increase global warming

Back 18

Burning fossil fuels, deforestation, agriculture and dumping waste in landfills

Front 19

What are natural factors that increase global warming

Back 19

Orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output

Front 20

Definition of abiotic

Back 20

Non living

Front 21

Definition of abiotic

Back 21

Non living

Front 22

Definition of biotic

Back 22

Living

Front 23

Definition of ecosystem

Back 23

Community of organisms that rely on each other and other abiotic factors

Front 24

What are the two types of waves

Back 24

Destructive and constructive

Front 25

What wave has a strong backwash and weak swash

Back 25

Destructive (constructive has opposite)

Front 26

Steps of freeze- thaw weathering

Back 26

1 Weather enters crack in rock 2. Water freezes and expands, widening crack. 3. Ice melts and water goes deeper into crack. 4. Process repeats until rock spilts

Front 27

Steps of biological weathering

Back 27

1. Root enters small crack in rock. 2. Roots grow, crack gets larger. 3. Rock breaks away

Front 28

Steps of biological weathering

Back 28

1. Root enters small crack in rock. 2. Roots grow, crack gets larger. 3. Rock breaks away

Front 29

What are the 4 different types of mass movement

Back 29

Rockfall, mudflow, landslide and rotational slip

Front 30

Steps of biological weathering

Back 30

1. Root enters small crack in rock. 2. Roots grow, crack gets larger. 3. Rock breaks away

Front 31

What are the 4 different types of mass movement

Back 31

Rockfall, mudflow, landslide and rotational slip

Front 32

Name and describe the 4 types of erosion

Back 32

Hydraulic action- power of waves smashing against rock. Abrasion- pebbles grind along a rock platform causing rock to become smoother Attrition- rock that the sea carries knock against each other they break apart to become smaller Solution- sea water dissolved certain types of rock

Front 33

Name the 4 ways beach material can be moved

Back 33

Solution- minerals dissolved in sea water and carried in a solution. Suspension- small particles like clay are suspended in flow of water. Saltation- sand grains are bounced along sea bed Traction- large material are rolled along sea bed

Front 34

What are the features that are commonly found on a headland

Back 34

Cave, arch, stack and stump

Front 35

Name the 4 types of hard engineering

Back 35

Sea wall, rock armour, gabions and gryones

Front 36

Name the 4 types of soft engineering

Back 36

Beach nourishment, reprofiling, managed retreat and dune nourishment

Front 37

What are the layers of the Rainforest starting from the bottom

Back 37

Shrub/ ground level, under canopy, canopy and emergents

Front 38

How are plants and animals adapted to live in the rainforest

Back 38

Tree trunks are tall and thin to get to sunlight, sloth uses camouflage, flying frog has webbed hands and drip tips to stop water from damaging the leaf

Front 39

What are the threats to the rainforest

Back 39

Farming, logging, electricity generation, mining and roads for transport

Front 40

What are the threats to the rainforest

Back 40

Farming, logging, electricity generation, mining and roads for transport

Front 41

How are people managing the rainforest

Back 41

Replanting trees, ecotourism, education of impact and international agreements

Front 42

What are plant adaptations to the desert

Back 42

Small leaves to reduce water loss through transpiration. Waxy skin to reduce water loss Spines to prevent the being eaten by other animals. Tap roots to access water further down the ground