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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of morality
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Default culturally determined notions of right and wrong |
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First definition of ethics
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A process used to evaluate moralities to determine if they should be encouraged, corrected, or eliminated |
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Second definition of ethics
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Methodologies used for evaluations and to solve difficult moral questions |
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Third definition of ethics
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Cultivation of ways of thinking and patterns of living that seek, whenever possible, to open spaces with in which more people know or experience more (justice, kindness, love, empathy) and fewer people experience (cruelty, indifference, hate) |
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Death of God
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There are more non religious people than religious people Author: Nietzsche Nietzsche believes that society has "killed" God and that now there is moral ambiguity without God. Author: Camus Agreed, thinks that we don't need a higher power to enjoy life; we are in control of our will |
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Death of absolute standards:
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No moral code because there is no consistent religion Author Ruth Benedict Believed that morality differs in every society. |
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Death of meaning
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Death of the idea that our lives are meaningful in ultimate sense Author: Camus Believed that Life is absurd because there is no ultimate meaning and ultimate purpose |
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Death of intrinsic goodness
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We are not born "good" we are savage, selfish, and out for ourselves, Golding believed that deep down we are all savages. |
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Death of the other
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The negative of utilitarianism The reduction of the other (my friend, neighbor) to the status of an object of calculation |
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The principle of utility
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Nielsen The principle of utility states that we should always do what maximizes the good for the most number of people and harms the least |
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How and when is the moral worth of an action, policy, judgment, and/or behavior determined? Utilitarianism thought? Kant thought?
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Utilitarianism: Cannot be known until after the action is done Kant: We can always know the moral worth beforehand by knowing moral law |
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Negative responsibility Nielsen |
Nielsen believes that we are responsible not only for the consequences our actions, but also the consequences of our non actions |
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Basic moral intuitions |
The first step in applying utilitarianism is to suspend what we believe is right and wrong. |
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The utilitarian calculus |
Maximize good for most people, and do the least amount of harm |
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Integrity |
Bernard williams believes that integrity is our moral identity and that utilitarianism is a bad theory because it goes against our integrity |
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Reason |
Kant believes that reason is the governor of our will. Our will is innately savage, but eventually that turns into reason through knowing moral laws |
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Reasons 2 tasks |
Know the Moral Law The 2 categorical imperatives tame and domesticate the will to transform it into a Good will by referencing the moral law |
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Will |
Kant believes we are born with a will This is our savage untamed actions |
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The moral law |
A set of rules that help you make decisions |
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The categorical imperative part 1 |
Never do anything that you would not be willing to give everyone in the world permission to do by your doing it first |
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The categorical imperative part 2 |
Always treat people as ends in themselves and never as means. This means people have value, DON’T USE PEOPLE |
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Duty to the law |
It is a sense of obligation. It is not something we necessarily want do, but something we have to do. |
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What does an individual need to be ethical |
Kant believes that we need reason in order to be ethical |
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Virtue |
Traits that are not wholly innate; they must all be aquired by teaching, practice, or by grace. They help us live well in communities |
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Happiness |
Happiness is our highest goal It comes when we are self sufficient and desiring nothing. |
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Human flourishing |
Aristotle believes that It the virtuous activity of the soul. It is the result of the cultivation of virtue. |
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Habits |
Consequences of repetition Aristotle believes that we obtain moral virtues by habits |
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Network |
Aristotle believed that you want to surround yourself around people with good virtues |
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How can you tell who is all ready virtuous |
Make a study of a relationship. Ask someone else what they thought of them. |
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What is the criterion for determining which people are worthy of imitation |
The quality of their interpersonal relationships Having good Virtues i.e charity, kindness, goodness |
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What does an individual need to be ethical |
Good virtues like courage, kindness, |
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The moral law within |
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Death of models and standards
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Death of Love
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The struggle in our heart We don't have a basic care about people anymore |
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Human Nature according to Kant |
A set of common characteristics shared by the normal members of a species |
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Definition of "Ethic" according to Kant |
Deontological ethics judges the morality of an action based on rules |
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Aristotle's practice, training, imitation |
Moral virtues can be acquired through practice and training using habits. And through imitation by surrounding ourselves with people who have good virtues. Mayo believes that we should try to be like the people who have the virtues we want |
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Definition of "Ethic" according to Aristotle |
Virtue Ethics looks at a the moral character of a person to judge the action.
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Aristotle's models/standards |
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