Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Agonist
|
A drug that binds to the receptor and stimulates the receptors function
|
|
|
Antagonist
|
a drug that binds with a receptor but does not cause a response
|
|
|
Anticoagulant
|
delaying or preventing blood coagulation
|
|
|
Adipose Tissue
|
fat tissue
|
|
|
Adverse Drug Effect
|
an unintended, undesired response to a drug
|
|
|
Anaphylaxis
|
shock, constriction of airways with difficulty breathing, death
|
|
|
Addiction
|
continued use of a substance despite its physical, psychological or social harm
|
|
|
Anticholinesterase
|
block enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine
|
|
|
Anticholinergic
|
impedes the impulses of the cholinergic nerve fibers; syn: parasympatholytic
|
|
|
Antimuscarinic
|
opposing the action of muscarine or agents that act like muscarines. EG - atropine
|
|
|
Amnesia
|
Loss of memory
|
|
|
Adrenergic
|
nerve fibers that, when stimulated, release epinephrine at their endings
|
|
|
Angina
|
pain caused by a deficiency of oxygen supply the heart muscle
|
|
|
Automaticity
|
self acting, spontaneous
|
|
|
Angiotensin I
|
inactive form of angiotensin and the precursor of angiotensin II
|
|
|
Angiotensin II
|
active form of angiotensin that is a powerful vasopressor and stimulator of aldosterone production and secretion
|
|
|
Aldosterone
|
A homone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates the metabolism of sodium, chloride and potassium
|
|
|
Antidiabetic agents
|
an agent that prevents or relieves diabetes
|
|
|
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
|
the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
|
|
|
Buccal
|
in the hollow of the cheek
|
|
|
biotransformation
|
drugs changed by a series of chemical reactions
|
|
|
bronchoconstriction
|
constriction of bronchial tubes
|
|
|
bradycardia
|
a slow heart rate characterized by a pulse rate that is under 60 bpm
|
|
|
bronchodilation
|
dilating or opening of the bronchus
|
|
|
baroreceptor reflex
|
Reflex that is activated by the group of nerves found in the atria of the heart, vena cava, aortic arch and carotid sinus that are sensitive to mechanical changes that are produced when the pressure inside the vessel to which they are attached is altered
|
|
|
brain attack
|
Stroke, CVA, TIA
|
|
|
Chemical name
|
formal name of the drug that shows the chemistry of the drug
|
|
|
cysts
|
a closed sac or pouch with a definite wall that contains fluid, semifluid or solid material
|
|
|
cholinergic crisis
|
too much acetylcholine that leads to excessive muscle stimulation and eventual fatigue
|
|
|
Coma
|
deep sleep; unable to aroused by external stimuli
|
|
|
catecholamine
|
epinephrine and norepinephrine
|
|
|
contractility
|
having ability to contract or shorten
|
|
|
COPD
|
defined as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COLD (chronic obstructive lung disease), encompasses chronic bronchitis and emphysema
|
|
|
Congestive Heart Failure
|
low cardiac output that progresses over years
|
|
|
cardiac output
|
the amount of blood discharged from the left or right ventricle per minute
|
|
|
Dose Response Curve
|
a graph in which the degree of the effect of a drug is charted at specific doses
|
|
|
Duration of Action
|
the time between the onset of action of a drug and when there is no observable action
|
|
|
Drug Reservoir
|
adipose tissue serve as a drug resevoir where lipid soluble drugs accumulate in fat and stay for periods of time and are released slowly into the bloodstream after drug administration has stopped
|
|
|
Drug interactions
|
one drug may increase/decrease the effect of another drug and/or cause an adverse effect
|
|
|
Defecate
|
Evacuation of the bowels
|
|
|
dysrhythmia
|
abnormal heart rhythm
|
|
|
down regulation
|
to inhibit or suppress the normal response of an organ or system
|
|
|
diuretics
|
agents that increase the secretion of urine
|
|
|
efficacy
|
ability of a drug to produce a response
|
|
|
epidural
|
into the spinal cord, outside the dura mater
|
|
|
enzyme induction
|
one drug induces the formation of enzymes that metabolize a second drug
|
|
|
enteropathic recirculation
|
some drugs that are excreted in bile are reabsorbed into the blood from the lower GI tract
|
|
|
Extension of therapeutic effect
|
when the therapeutic effect is carried beyond what is desireable
|
|
|
endotracheal intubation
|
tube placed insided the trachea to provide an airway
|
|
|
edema
|
a local or generalized condition in which the body tissues contain an excessive amount of tissue fluid
|
|
|
First Pass Effect
|
blood from the gastrointestinal tract goes to the liver first where the drug is metabolized before reaching the systemic circulation
|
|
|
Free Drug
|
unbound drug molecules;not bound to plasma proteins; only free or unbound drug molecules can be metabolized or excreted
|
|
|
Generic name
|
official drug name listed int he US pharmacopeia
|
|
|
glomerular filtration
|
process by which drugs are eliminated by the kidney and the filtration rate depends on the blood pressure
|
|
|
Gastric Lavage
|
washing out of the stomach
|
|
|
Glaucoma
|
a group of eye diseases characterized by an increase in pressure within the eyeball
|
|
|
Genitourinary
|
pertains to genitals and urinary organs
|
|
|
half-life
|
time needed for the plasma concentration of a drug to fall to exactly one half of its previous concentration
|
|
|
hypersensitivity
|
allergic reaction
|
|
|
hypotension
|
low blood pressure
|
|
|
Hypertension
|
higher blood pressure than what is judged to be normal
|
|
|
Hyperglycemia
|
increased blood glucose level
|
|
|
Hyperthyroidism
|
a condition caused by an excessive secretion of the thyroid gland that increases the basal metabolic rate
|
|
|
Hallucinations
|
sensations for which there is not external basis
|
|
|
High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
|
the good component of cholesterol
|
|
|
Heart block
|
condition in which the conductible tissue of the heart fails to conduct impulses normally from the atrium to the ventricles
|
|
|
Heart Failure
|
failure of the heart to maintain adequate circulation of blood; cessation of the heartbeat
|
|
|
intramuscular
|
into the muscle
|
|
|
intradermal
|
under the epidermis
|
|
|
intravenous
|
into a vein
|
|
|
intrathecal
|
into the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord
|
|
|
idiosyncrasy
|
individualized response to a drug
|
|
|
iatrogenic
|
adverse drug effects caused by health care providers
|
|
|
insomnia
|
inability to sleep at a time when the person's expected sleep is to occur
|
|
|
intracranial hemorrhage
|
bleeding wtihin the skull or cranium
|
|
|
impulse conduction
|
a change transmitted through certian tissues that result in physiological activity or inhibition
|
|
|
log dose response curves
|
used for comparing drug's threshold dose and peak effect
|
|
|
lipid soluble
|
moleucules that pass easily across a lipid membrane
|
|
|
lacrimation
|
tearing
|
|
|
metabolites
|
any product of metabolism
|
|
|
Myasthenic Crisis
|
great muscular weakness and progressive fatigue caused by acetylcholine levels that are insufficient to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction
|
|
|
Messenteric Blood Vessels
|
intestinal blood vessels
|
|
|
Migraines
|
Severe HA
|
|
|
Morbidity
|
state of being sick or diseased
|
|
|
Mortality
|
death
|
|
|
Metabolic alkalosis
|
plasma bicarbonate is increased with a proportionate rise in the plasma concentration of CO2
|
|
|
myocardial ischemia
|
inadequate flow of blood to the heart leading to angina, or if untreated, myocardial infarction
|
|
|
Neuromuscular blocking agent
|
drugs used to cause complete muscle relaxation
|
|
|
Narcolepsy
|
a sleep disorder in which an individual, usually adult, is periodically overcome with craving to sleep, or falls asleep
|
|
|
onset of action
|
the time between taking the drug and the first appearance of its effects
|
|
|
oral
|
by mouth
|
|
|
organophosphates
|
anticholinesterases found in many pesticides that irreversibly bind with cholinesterase and cause cholinergic crisis
|
|
|
osteoporosis
|
reduction in the mass of bone sufficient to interfere with the mechanical supprot function of the bone
|
|
|
osmolality
|
the concentration of the solute in a solution per unit of solvent
|
|
|
potency
|
strength of a drug
|
|
|
peak effect
|
the point at which increasing the dose no longer results in an increased intensity of effect
|
|
|
peak action
|
the maximum effect achieved
|
|
|
parenteral
|
any other medication route other than the digestive tract
|
|
|
plasma protein bound
|
always bound to plasma proteins
|
|
|
parasympathomimetic
|
drugs that mimic the parasympathetic nervous system
|
|
|
parasympatholytic
|
blocking of parasympathetic nerve fibers
|
|
|
palpitations
|
an abnormaly rapid throbbing or fluttering of the heart
|
|
|
perfusion
|
passing of a fluid through a space
|
|
|
presynaptic
|
located before the synaptic cleft
|
|
|
premature ventricular contractions
|
PVC- contraction of the ventricle prior to the normal time
|
|
|
postural hypotension
|
change in position that causes a drop in blood pressure
|
|
|
parasthesia
|
sensation of numbness, prickling or tingling
|
|
|
peripheral neuritis
|
inflammation of terminal nerves associated with a degenerative process
|
|
|
potentiation
|
the synergistic action of two substances whereby the total effects are greater than the sum of independent effects of the two substances
|
|
|
preload
|
the degree of ventricular stretch that exists just before contraction
|
|
|
receptors
|
molecules on the cell surface that bind with other complimentary molecules
|
|
|
receptor blockers
|
precents receptor stimulation
|
|
|
rectal
|
per rectum
|
|
|
renin
|
an enzyme produced by the kidneys that acts on angiotensin to form angiotensin I
|
|
|
Rebound HTN
|
an episode of intense and potentially dangerous increase in blood pressure
|
|
|
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
|
mechanisms of the kidney to control blood pressure
|
|
|
rheumatoid- like syndrome
|
a group of signs and symptoms that are similar to rheumatoid arthrits
|
|
|
sublingual
|
under the tongue
|
|
|
subcutaneous
|
under the skin in the subcutaneous tissue
|
|
|
solubility
|
how easily the drug crosses the membrane
|
|
|
salivation
|
the act of secreting saliva
|
|
|
sympathomimetic
|
drugs that mimic the sympathetic nervous system
|
|
|
sympathomimetic amines
|
term used to describe sympathomimetic drugs
|
|
|
seizures
|
abnormal electrical activity in the brain
|
|
|
sympatholytic
|
drugs that block the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
|
|
|
stroke volume
|
the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle at each heart beat
|
|
|
systemic vascular resistance
|
SVR - afterload
the amount of tension, force or pressure that the ventricle must develop during contraction to open the semilunar valve and expel blood |
|
|
sinusitis
|
inflamation of a sinus
|
|
|
systolic blood pressure
|
maximum blood pressure; occurs during contraction of the ventricle
|
|
|
suprasensitivity
|
exepcially extra sensitive reaction
|
|
|
Trade Name
|
brand name given by drug company
|
|
|
Threshold dose
|
the amount of drug that must be present to produce a minimally observable effect
|
|
|
transdermal
|
across the skin
|
|
|
Tight junction
|
act as a barrier to many drug molecules
|
|
|
Tubular Secretions
|
major porcess by which drugs are eliminated by the kidney using a "pump" action
|
|
|
Toxicity
|
essentially a poisoning
|
|
|
Therapeutic Index
|
shows safety of a drug
|
|
|
Tolerance
|
decreased response to a drug overtime
|
|
|
Tachycardia
|
heart rate over 100 beats per minute in adults
|
|
|
Tachyphylaxis
|
rapidly developing tolerance of a drug
|
|
|
Tumorigenic
|
producing tumors, especially malignancies
|
|
|
Urination
|
the act of voiding urine
|
|
|
volatile
|
evaporating rapidly
|
|
|
Vagus
|
the 10th cranial nerve
|
|
|
Vascular
|
blood vessels
|
|
|
Vasoconstrictor Drug
|
a drug that causes constriction of blood vessels
|
|
|
Vasodilation
|
increase in the diameter of blood vessels
|
|
|
water soluble
|
ionized particles that cannot easily cross lipid cell membranes
|
|
|
Factors Affecting medication dosages and responses:
Body Weight |
because medications are abdobed and distributed in body tissue, individuals with a greater body mass may require larger doses.
|
|
|
Factors Affecting medication dosages and responses:
Age |
Young children with immature liver and kidney function, and older adults often with reduced liver and kidney function, may require proportionately smaller medication doses.
|
|
|
Factors Affecting medication dosages and responses:
Gender |
females may respond differently to medications than males due to a higher proportion of body fat and the effects of femaly hormones
|
|
|
Factors Affecting medication dosages and responses:
Genetics |
genetic factors such as missing enzymes can alter the metabolism of certain medications, thus enhancing or reducing medication action
|
|
|
Factors Affecting medication dosages and responses:
Biorhythmic cycles |
responses to certan medcations vary with the biologic rhythm of the body. for example, hypnotic medications work better when given at the usual sleep time that at other times
|
|
|
Factors Affecting medication dosages and responses:
Tolerance |
reduced responsiveness to a mediacation may either be congenital or acquired. cross tolerance may occur with other chemically similar medications.
|
|
|
Factors Affecting medication dosages and responses:
Accumulation |
medication concentration in the bady can be increased bty the inability to metabolize or excrete a medication rapily enough, resulting in a toxic medication effect. for older adults, decreased renal function is the major cause of medicationaccumulation leading to toxicity
|
|
|
Factors Affecting medication dosages and responses:
Psychological Factors |
emotional states and expectations can influence the effects of a medication. a term used to describe positive medication effects influenced by psychological factors is the placebo effect
|
|
|
Factors Affecting medication dosages and responses:
Medical Conditions |
inadequate gastric acid
diarrhea vascular insufficiency liver disease/failure kidney disase/failure |
