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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality |
The psychological structures underlying consistent patterns in thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. |
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General aims of personality theory |
Address issues: 1. psychological structures underlying behaviour. 2. how psychological structures interact with each other and the environment. 3. how do psychological structures change and develop over time. |
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Why so many personality theories? |
1. Works well in some contexts but not others. 2. Evidence can be contradictory or mixed. 3. People prefer different kinds of evidence. 4. People are biased. |
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Reasons to study personality |
1. If you understand the process or outcome, you have a greater ability to intervene and change the process. 2. Personality psychology - if an expert in human behaviour, can help a person change in a way that is more effective than a non-expert.
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How is personality studied? |
Psychology is often practised as an 'evidence-based' discipline where practitioners employ methods that have been shown to be effective through systematic observation. |
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Types of consistency in behaviour |
1. Cross-situational (across situations) 2. Longitudinal (across time) 3. Within-situation |
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Evidence for personality theory |
1. Case studies 2. Correlational studies 3. Experimental studies |
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Strengths and weaknesses of case studies |
- single or small numbers of people - large amounts of information - hard to establish causality -generalisability/external validity -potential for bias + e.g. study brain functioning with injury that is rare. |
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Strengths and weaknesses of correlational studies |
+ large sample size + results more generalisable and associations clearer - can be difficult to establish causality |
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Strengths and weaknesses of experimental studies |
+sufficient sample size - can be quite artificial + provides control over relevant variables and the ability to establish causality |
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True or False: The consensus view in psychology is that psychological practice should be evidence based? |
True |
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TRUE or FALSE: Although there have historically been many theories of personality put forward, currently, there is only a single theory actively pursued by researchers. |
False |
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Behaviours that are cross-situationally consistent are consistent across many situations while within-situation consistent behaviours are consistent over time, but only within specific situations. Which of these types of behaviour do personality theories attempt to explain? -neither -both -within-situation -across-situation |
both |
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The ability to test causal relationships is characteristic of which types of research design?
-experimental -all of the above - correlational - case study |
Experimental |
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The approach to research emphasizing the intensive study of individuals is:
- case study - experimental - correlational - naturalistic observation |
Case study |
