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64 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is Personality?
Branch of psychology devoted to studying the factors that make people uniquCorrelation coefficient:e individuals.

Study of “individual differences.”
what are the 8 basic Aspects of the Personality
Unconscious aspects

Ego aspects

Biological aspects

Learning & conditioning.

Cognitive aspects:

Traits, skills & predispositions.

Spiritual & existential aspects.

Person-situation interactions.
what is Correlation coefficient:
Index of association or relationship between two variables.
what is positive correlation
As variable A increases, variable B also increases.

As variable A decreases, variable B decreases.
what is Negative Correlation
As variable A increases, variable B decreases.

As variable A decreases, variable B increases.
Who was Wilhelm Wundt
1879: Beginning of modern psychology.
Wilhelm Wundt founded first laboratory for studying “mental processes”.
Emphasized empirical research methods.
what is Objective Assessment:
Measurement that is not dependent on the judgment of the person making the assessment.
what is Subjective Assessment:
Measurement that relies on some degree of interpretation of responses by the person making the assessment.
what is Reliability
Reliability: In general, the consistency of test scores.
what is Error variance
Error variance: random variations in test scores, caused by irrelevant, extraneous factors and chance fluctuations.
what is Internal Consistency Reliability
Internal Consistency Reliability: Degree to which test items measuring the same construct are highly positively correlated.
what is Test-Retest Reliability
Degree to which test scores are consistent across different administrations.

Temporal stability.

Correlation between scores derived from administrations to same subjects at T1 & T2.

Correlation decreases as the interval increases.
what is Validity
Validity: In general, the degree to which the test measures what it is intended to measure.
what is Face Validity
Face Validity: Degree to which a test “appears” to measure the proposed construct, “on the surface.”
what is Content Validity
Content Validity: Degree to which a test adequately samples the entire domain entailed by the construct.
what is Criterion-related validity
Criterion-related validity: Degree to which test scores are correlated with relevant outcomes.

Ex) SAT scores should be related to academic performance in college.
what is Construct validity
Construct validity:
Degree to which the test really measures the theoretical construct it is intended to measure, given all that is known about that construct.


Ex) Dominance is known to be:
Positively correlated with Extraversion.
Negatively correlated with Social Avoidance.
Uncorrelated with Warmth.
what is Acquiescence in the context of response sets?
Acquiescence: tendency to agree with most anything.
what is Social desirability in the context of Response sets?
Social desirability: answering so as to present oneself in a favorable light.
what is Defensiveness or “faking good”
Defensiveness or “faking good”:

denying any indicators of social or psychological maladjustment.
what is Exaggerating or “faking bad”
Exaggerating or “faking bad”:

endorsing items indicating maladjustment inaccurately.
what are the types of personality Measures? THEIR ARE ALOT
Self-report tests.
Q-sort tests.
Ratings & judgments by others.
Biological measures.
Behavioral observations.
Interviews.
Expressive behavior.
Document analysis.
Projective tests.
Demographic & lifestyle information.
what are Self-Report tests

Ss= Subjects
Ss respond to paper-and-pencil items, designed to measure a characteristic (i.e., questionnaires).
Most common type of personality measure.
Easy to administer.
Inexpensive to administer.
Reliability and validity must be carefully evaluated.
Results can be negatively influenced by Ss inaccurately reporting about their own behavior (i.e., inaccurate response sets).
Examples:
NEO-PI-R.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory – 2 (MMPI-2).
what are Q-sort test

Ss = Subjects
Ss are given a stack of cards listing various characteristics.
Ss sort cards into piles based on a relevant dimension:
Not at all like me.
Somewhat characteristic of me.
Very characteristic of me.
More active than self-report questionnaires.
What are some of the biological Measures for personality?
Measures of physiological responses:
Skin conductance: galvanic skin response (GSR).
Heart rate.
Blood pressure.
Measures of brain structure:
Computerized Axial Tomography (CT/CAT) scan.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
Postmortem analysis: histological staining.
Measures of brain activity:
Electroencephalogram (EEG): electrical impulses at scalp.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan: metabolism of glucose in the brain.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): uses magnetic fields to measure blood oxygenation in the
what are Behavioral Observations
Direct measurement of actual behavior, based on direct observation.
what are Projective Tests

Ss= Subjects
Ss is presented with set of ambiguous stimuli and asked to respond.
Responses are scored, using a standardized scoring system.
Scores are derived for variables that reflect or are related to personality characteristics.
Assumes that Ss “project” aspects of themselves onto the stimulus.
Examples:
Rorschach Inkblot Test.
Thematic Apperception Test.
Draw-a-Person Test.
Who is Sigmund Freud
Founding theoretician: Sigmund Freud (late 1800s-early 1900s).
Physician in Vienna, Austria.
Where did Freuds Theories grow from
Theories grew out of work with hysteria.
Various forms of mental illness involving high emotionality and pseudo-physiological symptoms w/o organic basis.
Less common today.
what techniques did Freud use
Techniques used included:
Hypnosis.
Free association.
Dream analysis.
what is the unconscious
Portion of the mind that is outside awareness; not accessible to conscious thought.
what is the structual modal of the personality according to the psychoanalytic school?
id

ego

superego
What is the id
Id:
Present at birth.
Contains “psychic energy” (“libido”) that motivates behavior (i.e., instinctual drives).
Operates on “pleasure principle;” seeks immediate gratification.
what is the ego
Ego:
Develops over time.
Operates on “reality principle;” negotiates between Id impulses and demands of reality.
what is the superego
Superego:
Also develops over time.
Operates on “morality principle;” represents teachings of family/culture, re: ethics, morals, values.
What are the five stages of Psychosexual development
Oral stage 0-2

Anal 2-3

Phallic stage 3-5 or 6

Latency period 6-12

genitel stage puberty and on
what is the oral stage what could happen with fixation?
Oral stage (ages 0 - 2):
Mouth: principal erogenous zone. Feeding. Gratification through sucking, chewing, etc.
Overgratification: dependency.
Undergratification: distrustful.
what is the anal stage what could happen with fixation?
Anal stage (ages 2 - 3):
Anus: principal erogenous zone. Toilet training. Urges for retention and elimination.
Overgratification: reckless, self-indulgent, undisciplined; “anal expulsive.”
Undergratification: neat, organized, clean, compulsive; “anal retentive.”
what is the phallic stage?
Phallic stage (ages 3 - 5 or 6):
Genitalia: principal erogenous zone. Learning to interact with other than primary caregiver; esp. the familial triad.
what is the Oedipus Complex
Oedipus Complex: boys (Freud).
Boy desires his mother, fears his father as a rival (“castration anxiety”).
Resolved by forming an identification with father.
what is the Electra Complex
Electra Complex: girls (Jung).
Girl desires to possess her father and replace her mother.
Girl experiences “penis envy;” wanting to be more like her father/brother.
Resolved by forming an identification with mother.
what is the latency period
Latency period (ages 6 - 12):
Sexual impulses recede in importance; largely repressed.
Child focuses on other skills and activities (sublimation).
what is the genital stage
Genital stage (puberty & beyond):
Maturation of sexual interests.
Adult sexual activity.
what is Freud's basic postulate
Freud’s basic postulate:
human behavior is motivated by conflict btw:
Instinctual impulses (sexual & aggressive), and
Demands of reality and those imposed by society (reason, social norms, morality).

That conflict produces anxiety, which is uncomfortable.

Person develops defense mechanisms to manage that anxiety.
what is Level 1 of Defense Mechanisms
Level 1: Primitive defenses. Often severely pathological.
what is Denial
Denial: Refusal to accept external reality.
what is distortion and what level does it fall into
Distortion: Grossly reshaping external reality to meet needs. level 1
what is Level 2 of defense mechanisms
Level 2: Immature defenses. Common among adolescents; less among healthy adults.
what is projection and what level is it in
Projection: Attributing one’s own unacceptable motives and characteristics to others.
LEVEL 2
what is Somatization and what level is it in
Somatization: Transform negative emotion into physical illness / Sxs.
LEVEL 2
what is Passive-Aggression and what LEVEL
Passive-Aggression: Retribution against others in passive or indirect ways.
LEVEL 2
what is Idealization what LEVEL
Idealization: Perceiving another as having more positive qualities than they actually have.

LEVEL2
what is LEVEL 3 of Defense mechanisms
Level 3: Neurotic defenses. Common among adults. Provide short-term coping but can negatively affect relationships if overly used.
what is displacement what LEVEL is it on
Displacement: Discharging sexual or aggressive impulse toward a less threatening target.

LEVEL 3
what is Rationalization wht LEVEL
Rationalization: Using (often flawed) reasoning to excuse unacceptable motives or behavior.

LEVEL 3
what is Reaction Formation what LVEL
Reaction Formation: Preventing awareness of unacceptable desires by exaggerated adoption of opposite behavior.
LEVEL 3
What is Repression what Level
Repression: Preventing unacceptable or painful thoughts from entering conscious awareness.
LEVEL 3
what is Regression and what LEVEL
Regression: Temporarily revert to behavior from earlier stage of development, rather than handling unacceptable impulses in mature ways.

LEVEL 3
What is LEVEL 4 of defense Mechanisms
Level 4: Mature defenses. Most common among healthy adults.
what is Altruism in Defense mechanisms and waht LEVEL
Altruism: Constructive service to others.
LEVEL 4
what is HUMOR in defense mechanisms What level
Humor: Finding humor in otherwise unpleasant or unacceptable matters.
LEVEL 4
what is Sublimation What Level
Sublimation: Expressing negative impulses in positive, socially acceptable ways.

LEVEL 4
what advantages does psychoanalytic provide
Advantages:
Considers unconscious factors.
Emphasizes early developmental factors.
what are the disadvantages of psychoanalytic theory
Disadvantages:
Unscientific. Difficult to test empirically.
Relies upon many constructs that cannot be seen, measured, or verified.
Unparsimonious.
Implies that male behavior is the norm and female behavior is a deviation.
Over emphasis on early development.
Over emphasis on sexual and aggressive drives.