Berni's Periods Midterm

Front 1

Define the term “vernacular” as it applies to our study of art and design.

Back 1

Tradition and cultural

Front 2

The key inventions or discoveries on which civilization is built are:
a) __________________________________________________ b) __________________________________________________ c) __________________________________________________

Back 2

a) Fire b) language c) agriculture

Front 3

What is the difference between an alignment and a dolmen?

Back 3

Alignment: prehistoric arrangement of large stones in a straight line

Dolmen: grouping of stones made up of 2 or 3 upright stones topped with a horizontal

Front 4

The questions of when and where people first learned to used shelters, and what the earliest shelters were like, have long been the subject of much speculation. Guesswork is aided in some measure by information that comes from two lines of inquiry:

a) _________ b) ______________

Back 4

a) prehistoric remains

b) recent practices of primitive peoples usually studied by anthropologists

Front 5

What ancestral peoples utilized passive
solar design principles (represented here
in plan and section) at the cliffs of Mesa Verde?

Back 5

Pueblos

Front 6

Discuss how fixed-base agriculture had an influence on the development and design of built shelter.

Back 6

staying in place = no longer necessary for portable housing which led to villages and towns being established

Front 7

The illustration below is a representation of: (circle one)

a) The Great Goddess Tepantitla

b) The Feathered Serpent God Quetzalcoatl

c) The God of Warfare and Rain Tlaloc

d) The “Human Riff” Guitar God of the Rolling Stones, Keith Richards

Back 7

A

Front 8

The most common form of building construction utilized by early civilizations is:

Back 8

post and beam

Front 9

Below is a plan of a subterranean room used by several early tribal cultures. What is it called?

Back 9

Kiva

Front 10

Primitive cultures attached much importance to symbols and anthropomorphic figures.

a) Explain why

b) What do we mean by anthropomorphic?

Back 10

a) religious beliefs (gods)

b) giving human characteristics to animals

Front 11

Why was art in most early cultures considered more than just decoration?

Back 11

It was their form of written language

Front 12

The opening shown in the photograph below is an example of: (circle one)

a) A corbelled vault

b) A trabeated vault

c) A keystone arch

d) Arch centering

e) A segmental arch

Back 12

A

Front 13

In early cultures, almost all furniture forms are variations of two simple forms the ____________

and the ____________ . What major advancement contributed to the development of furniture in prehistoric tribal cultures?

Back 13

Platform and box

Wood joinery

Front 14

In Apulia in southern Italy, an ancient house type still in regular use is built of dry field stones to form a roughly square room. This is topped by a round dome built by laying rings of stone in gradually diminishing circles until a single stone can cover the topmost opening. They were generally constructed as temporary field shelters and storehouses or as permanent dwellings by small proprietors or agricultural laborers. Name this house type.

Back 14

Trullo

Front 15

Typical window and door openings (example right) of this civilization’s structures were trapezoidal. Name the civilization and explain the reason for this particular geometry.

Back 15

Incan

Prevents collapses from earthquakes

Front 16

Label the two components in the diagram below that allowed the lintels to be aligned accurately with the uprights at Stonehenge.

Back 16

Mortice (top)

Tenon (bottom)

Front 17

Aside from regional differences in materials and structure, itemize four (4) traits that characterized and/or informed the house forms of early tribal cultures.

Back 17

Simplicity, informality, irregularity and comfort

Front 18

What practice of both early Mesopotamian and Mesoamerican civilizations is being referenced in the illustration below?

Back 18

They build on top of preexisting structures

Front 19

The circle, or sphere, played an important role in Teotihuacán ornamentation (example below); explain why.

Back 19

The circle could be an aesthetic parallel to their cyclical view of nature and of time in terms of death and regeneration

Front 20

Most of the architectural forms we have studied to date are “additive” in nature, although a few examples in different cultures are “subtractive” (carved into or hollowed out of an existing context). Diagram two (2) examples, and label each by type, plus culture and/or geographic location.

Back 20

Kiva = pueblos, Mesa Verde

Matmata

Front 21

Roman art and architecture has both the timeless consistency of Egypt and the stylistic development of Greece.

TRUE FALSE (circle one)

Back 21

False

Front 22

Egyptian culture made several noteworthy contributions to our architectural vocabulary. Many of these features serve as prototypes for later Greek and Roman developments. Name four:

Back 22

Column, Cornice, Capital, Pylon

Front 23

Circle E for Egypt, G for Greece, or B if both for the following design motifs and concepts:

Faience

Cella

Golden Mean

Guilloche

Kline

Scarab

Polychromy

Back 23

Faience, E

Cella, G

Golden Mean, B

Guilloche, B

Kline, G

Scarab, E

Polychromy, B

Front 24

Greek architecture is an architecture of plastic bodies. What do we mean by the term “plastic?”

Back 24

Molded or Sculpted

Front 25

The Roman replaces the Greek stylobate, forms the base of the temple, and raises the buildings several feet from the ground.

Back 25

Podium

Front 26

Below is an illustration of a Greek entablature. Cross out the five (5) terms listed on the right that are not part of the entablature as shown

Entasis Frieze Stylobate Rinceau Cornice Dentil Triglyph Architrave Antefix Tympanum Abacus

Back 26

Entasis, Stylobate, Triglyph, Antefix, Tympanum

Front 27

This component of an Egyptian temple consists of two canted towers flanking an entrance. It is called a ______________

Back 27

Pylon

Front 28

This Greek term refers to “character of the place”:

Back 28

Typology

Front 29

The Roman was a major secular building type that was destined to have a huge impact on later building; its arrangement of nave and aisles with a focal apse turned out to be highly suitable to conversion into a Christian church.

Back 29

Basilica

Front 30

The Roman architect Vitruvius writes that this column “imitates the slight figure of a maiden...and admits of more graceful effects in ornament. This order is developed to symbolize the reconciliation of nature and man.” He is referring to:

a) The Ionic Order
b) The Tuscan Order
c) The Corinthian Order

d) The Doric Order

Back 30

C

Front 31

Name any three (3) of the four buildings discussed in class that can be found on a promontory in Athens (must be spelled correctly for credit, print for legibility if necessary):

Back 31

Parthenon, Propylea, Temple of Athena Nike

Front 32

In Greek paintings a recurring image showed a chair (lower right) of great elegance, probably of a kind owned only by the wealthy. Name this chair.

Back 32

Klismos

Front 33

The Egyptian cornice on the left and one of the Greek moldings on the right is a concave profile called a _______.

Back 33

Cavetto or gorge

Front 34

What is a hypostyle hall?

Back 34

A covered area with tightly clustered columns that may be decorated with symbols, figures, and heiroglyphics

Front 35

What are tesserae?

Back 35

A small component of a mosaic made of pebbles, marble or glass

Front 36

Discuss how the Nile River influenced the development and design philosophy of Egyptian culture.

Back 36

"The Nile is life itself"

Had limestone quarries

Vegetation inspired motifs

Front 37

The title of this pen and ink drawing by Leonardo da Vinci is:

Back 37

The Vitruvian Man

Front 38

Shown below is a “worm’s eye” view of the Pantheon dome. What is the opening at the top called? What are the recesses in the concrete dome interior called? As always, spelling must be correct for full credit.

Back 38

Occulus

Coffered

Front 39

The symmetrical plan and placement of the structure shown below in relation to the forecourt suggest the beginnings of a formal and monumental approach to planning. It would serve as a prototype for Greek temple forms to follow. What is the name of this structure and what culture developed it?

Back 39

Megaron

Mycenaen

Front 40

A frieze is made up of alternating panels: the __________ and the blank or sculpted ___________

that recall wooden rafter ends, between. Refer to illustration below.

Back 40

Triglyph

Metope

Front 41

What arch component are the arrows pointing to?

Back 41

Voussiors

Front 42

The decorative support illustrated at left is called a

Back 42

Monopodium

Front 43

The folding stools shown below were featured in

a) Egyptian culture

b) Greek culture

c) Roman culture

d) Egyptian and Greek cultures

e) Greek and Roman cultures

f) Egyptian, Greek, and Roman cultures

Back 43

F

Front 44

Label the images below with the terms provided:

Astragal Antefix Anthemion Abacus Acanthus

Back 44

Left to right:

Abacus, Astragal, Acanthus, Antefix, Anthemion

Front 45

What is entasis? Supplement your definition with a diagram as an example.

Back 45

A column with a slight outward curve. It is the most common optical refinement

Front 46

What role did perspective and trompe l’oeil play in frescoed Roman interiors?

Back 46

In the art and decoration it created realism

Front 47

De Architectura set forth the analysis of design goals as made up of the three phases – “utilitas,” “firmitas,” and “venustas.” Define each of these terms.

Back 47

Utilitas = function

Firmitas = structure

Venustas = aesthetics

Front 48

Why did Christian builders find classical temple prototypes unsuitable as models for their churches?

Back 48

Early temples were not intended for public gather. Christian churches need an auditorium for the congregation to assemble

Front 49

These three (3) innovations, as outlined in your text and discussed in class, typified Byzantine architecture expression:

Back 49

The pendentive

Combined centralized and basilican plan

skilled use of light as a mystic element

Front 50

This important church embellishment was an extension of the east end in which the aisles form a semi-circular hallway (termed an ambulatory) around the back of the apse, to which a series of additional apses are added. These "extra apses", which may be used as shrines or chapels, are always odd in number, thus ensuring a centered apse at the east end of the building.

a) The Cloister

b) The Clerestory

c) The Chevet

d) The Chancel

Back 50

D

Front 51

What is happening in the illustration below that would have such a significant impact on both the Early Christian and Byzantine periods?

Back 51

An Angel is leading Constantine as he makes the border of what will be Constanintople

Front 52

During the Byzantine period, this ban on figural images results from the empire’s major defeats and loss of territory at the hands of the Persians, which is attributed to ignoring the Old Testament ban on graven images. In place of figures, Christian symbols, such as the cross, are combined with floral, geometric, and animal forms. What do historians call this event?

Back 52

Iconoclasim

Front 53

The element that is placed above the capitals in the Byzantine columns below is called:

Back 53

Impost Block

Front 54

Label the eight (8) components shown on the Early Christian basilican plan below:

Back 54

1. Foyer

2. Atrium

3. Narthex

4. Nave

5. Side Aisles

6. Alter

7. Transcept

8. Apse

Front 55

As shown below, emphasize roof angles, spires, and parapets (walls projecting above the roof).

Back 55

Corbel tables

Front 56

The term ________ (derived from the name Charles) is used to describe the work of this era, and can be viewed as a harbinger of Romanesque architecture and art.

Back 56

Carolinger

Front 57

Label the three levels shown in the nave elevation below:

Back 57

Clerestory

Triforium

Aisle

Front 58

What are the wings of this cloistered monastery complex called?

Back 58

Ranges

Front 59

Label the following (must be spelled correctly):

Back 59

Left to right: tympanum and archivolt

Front 60

As discussed in class, which two periods do the Middle Ages (“the age in the middle”) bridge?

Back 60

The fall of the Roman Empire (5th century) and the beginning of the European Renaissance (15th century)

Front 61

The notion of asceticism was becoming popular in many of the monastic societies that were developing during the Middle Ages. Define what is meant by “ascetic.”

Back 61

Self denial and self displine

Front 62

It was important that furnishings be portable during the Middle Ages. Give two (2) reasons why

Back 62

1. To move from one place to another, pilgrimage

2. had to be moved for multi purpose spaces

Front 63

When Constantinople fell in 1453 to the Ottoman Turks, Byzantine scholars fled to Italy to continue their research and preservation of Greek manuscripts. What did this intellectual pursuit of classicism eventually promote?

Back 63

Promote the Renaissance which eventually led to the development of the university system

Front 64

Pilgrimages reflect the Romanesque period’s religious zeal. How did they contribute to the evolvement of the basilican plan (example below)?

Back 64

They built the ambulatory so pilgrims could walk around without disturbing mass

Front 65

How did Romanesque chest construction influence that period’s chair designs?

Back 65

Chairs were a result of modified chests, they began sitting on chests and then added backs

Front 66

The expression and articulation of masonry, roof tiles, even complete columns with their capitals, were often inconsistent or mismatched in Early Christian churches; explain why.

Back 66

They used what they found

Front 67

Identify four (4) design motifs present in this ceiling detail from the Basilica di S. Paolo Fuori le Mura:

Back 67

Rosette, foliage, swastika, acanthus

Front 68

The of Early Christian mosaics are of glass rather than the earlier marble. Why are these pieces typically set unevenly?

Back 68

Tesserae

To enhance light reflection

Front 69

“The different choice and combination of symbolic forms in Western and Byzantine architecture stems from different interpretations of the dimension of time in relation to the idea of salvation.” Elaborate on these fundamental philosophical differences, and explain how they informed the two basic church plans typical of the time.

Back 69

West: man is always on his way, spatial form is path

East: total cosmic even and conceived as harmonious, dome became primary spatial form

Front 70

Why, as in Hagia Sophia, did windows often ring the drums of domes?

Back 70

Appear as if the dome is floating and to bring in natural light

Front 71

The addition of a westwork to churches is one of the Carolingian contributions to Western architectural traditions. What was a major reason for this addition to the basic basilican church plan?

Back 71

Developed for the king (charlemange) to look down on the church and the pope

Front 72

What are the four (4) basic components of the cathedral group at Pisa shown below? Use correct spelling. How did their expression differ from other pilgrimage churches of the time?

Back 72

1. St. Jear

2. Cathedral

3. Campanile

4. Camposanto

Pilgrimage churches were more structured and unified

Front 73

The large cities of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa were located in what region indicated by the map below?

Back 73

Indus Valley

Front 74

A Buddhist chaitya contains what important structure? What is the purpose of that structure?

Back 74

Stupa, it contains religious objects/relics of Buddhist teachers

Front 75

What is a Buddhist monastery called?

Back 75

Vihara

Front 76

Variations of the Hindu ___________ shown below are put to use in site planning and architecture.

Back 76

Pada Vinyasa

Front 77

Describe and/or illustrate the basic differences between Indian Nagara and Dravida temple forms.

Back 77

Nagara = additive

Dravida = subtractive

Front 78

What does the term Mughal refer to?

Back 78

An architectural style that combines elements from Persian, Turkish and Indian

Front 79

A Mughal garden is referred to as a __________

Back 79

Carbagh

Front 80

Floral, animal, and human figurative elements were not permitted by the Sikh religion consistent with Muslim law.

True or False

Back 80

False

Front 81

Indian carpets follow Persian practice, although there is greater use of naturalistic plant and animal motifs.

Back 81

True

Front 82

What does the term “Angkor” refer to? Examples discusses include Angkor Wat and Angkor Thom.

Back 82

Temple City

Front 83

The tantric Buddhist mandala shown below informed what Indonesian temple in Java?

Back 83

The stupa of Borobudur

Front 84

Shiva would be represented in which of the following temples?

a) Buddhist b) Jain
c) Hindu
d) Sikh

e) Islamic
f) Brahamin

g) a and c

h) candf

Back 84

G

Front 85

Why were Muslim men and women probably more literate than others during the Middle Ages?

Back 85

Islam's emphasis on studying the Koran

Front 86

Non-Western developments begin in separate geographical locations and progress through many centuries without connection to Western events. Why is the history of Islamic design considered a somewhat different matter?

Back 86

Its defined by religious concerns and a wide cultural influence rather than geography

Front 87

“All-over surface patterns and visual complexity mark Islamic art and architecture.” Explain why.

Back 87

Abstract patterns mind Muslims of infinity and divine presence whose creation features external patterns

Front 88

Label the three motifs shown below that are part of the Islamic decorative canon.

Back 88

Left to right: Caligraphy, Geometric, Arabesque

Front 89

A Muslim innovation is , a shiny glaze resembling metal that is used on tiles.

Back 89

Luster

Front 90

Carefully diagram and label the three (3) arch forms found in Islamic buildings.

Back 90

Horseshoe

Ogival

Scalloped

Front 91

These three (3) plan types develop and characterize mosques throughout the Muslim empire:

a)

b)

c)

Back 91

Courtyard and hypostyle hall

4 iwan mosque plan

domed and centrally planned

Front 92

The name given to individual Moors or Muslims who remained in Iberia after the Christian Reconquista but were not converted to Christianity:

Back 92

Mudéhar

Front 93

A type of corbel employed as a decorative device in traditional Islamic and Persian architecture:

Back 93

Muqarna

Front 94

A pulpit in the mosque where the imam (prayer leader) stands to deliver sermons:

Back 94

Minbar

Front 95

Replaced the function of the minarets in many Persian mosques:

Back 95

Goldast

Front 96

A niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla:

Back 96

Mihrab

Front 97

A technique of carving plaster used by the Spanish Moors:

Back 97

Yeseria

Front 98

A place of worship for followers of Islam:

Back 98

Masjid

Front 99

The royal prayer enclosure:

Back 99

Maksura

Front 100

An institute of higher learning in Muslim countries:

Back 100

Madrasah

Front 101

A rectangular hall or space, usually vaulted, walled on three sides, with one end entirely open:

Back 101

Iwan

Front 102

Label the two knotting techniques shown below used in many Anatolian and Persian carpets.

Back 102

Left to right: Turkbâf, Farsbâf

Front 103

What is the function of small arches found high on the wall in many Middle Eastern houses?

Back 103

Filter air from one space to another

Front 104

Label the structural component for each of the interior spaces represented below. Describe the different approach for each concept that resolves the transition of “circle over square.”

Back 104

1. Occulus, Dome, Pendentive

2. Squinch, Dome, Drum

Front 105

Name the interior detail (shown below) found in many Islamic houses and palaces. What are the two (2) basic functions of this feature?

Back 105

1. Panelling on lower wall protects against stains from rising damp

2. Dado rail provided protection from furniture

Front 106

What is the significance of the Islamic furnishing represented to the left?

Back 106

Holds Koran