Pathoma: 12.5 Uti, 12.6 Nephrolithiasis, 12.7 Chronic Renal Failure

Front 1

Esterase; nitrites

Back 1

A dipstick test in a case of *bacterial cystitis* will test positive for leukocyte ____________ and _________ produced by bacteria.

Front 2

Culture

Back 2

The gold standard for a cystitis diagnosis is with __________ which should exhibit more than 100,000 colony forming units.

Front 3

Saprophyticus; E. coli

Back 3

Staphylococcus _________ has an increased incidence in young, sexually active women, however __.__________ is still a more prevalent cause of UTIs in this population.

Front 4

Urethritis; Chlamydia trachomatis; Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Back 4

Sterile pyuria with a negative urine culture suggests _______ due to _______ ________ or _________ _________.

Front 5

Pyelonephritis; WBC

Back 5

_____________ is infection of the kidney. It presents with fever, flank pain, ____ casts and leukocytosis.

Front 6

E. Coli; enterococcus faecalis; Klebsiella

Back 6

The most common pathogens for pyelonephritis are ___ _________, __________ ________ and ___________ species.

Front 7

Fibrosis; atrophy; vesicoureteral reflux

Back 7

Chronic pyelonephritis is characterized by interstitial ________ and ________ of the tubules due to multiple bouts of acute pyelonephritis. Scarring at the upper and lower poles is characteristic of ___________ _______.

Front 8

Eosinophilic; thyroid

Back 8

65. Histologically, chronic pyelonephritis is characterized by ________ic tubules containing eosinophilic proteinaceous material resembling _______ follicles.

Front 9

Nephrolithiasis

Back 9

____________ presents with colicky pain with hematuria and unilateral flank tenderness.

Front 10

Calcium oxalate; Crohn's

Back 10

________ _________ are the most common type of kidney stone in adults. The most common cause is idiopathic hypercalciuria. Still, hypercalcemia and its related causes, as well as ________ disease must be ruled out.

Front 11

Hydrochlorathiazide

Back 11

Treatment for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis is with __________ (a calcium sparing diuretic).

Front 12

Urease; alkaline

Back 12

Ammonium magnesium phosphate is the second most common type of nephrolithiasis. The most common cause is infection with _____-positive organisms such as Proteus or Klebsiella which can hydrolyze urea to ammonia. This leads to _________ urine which can cause formation of a stone.

Front 13

Staghorn; UTIs; surgical

Back 13

64. Ammonium magnesium phosphate nephrolithiasis (Struvite) classically results in _________ calculi in renal calyces. These act as a nidus for _______. Treatment involves _________al removal and eradication of the pathogen.

Front 14

Radiolucent; volume; acidic

Back 14

The third most common stone is uric acid. It is radio__________. Risk factors include hot, arid climates; low urine _____ and ________ pH.

Front 15

Alkalinization; allopurinol

Back 15

Treatment of uric acid stone involves hydration and ____________ of the urine with potassium bicarbonate. ________ is also administered in patients with gout.

Front 16

Cysteine; Staghorn

Back 16

_____ is a rare cause of nephrolithiasis. It is most commonly seen in children. It is caused by a genetic defect of the tubules that result in a decreased reabsorption of this *amino acid.* It may result in ________ calculi.

Front 17

Nitrogenous; platelet; encepholapthy

Back 17

Uremia consists of increased ________ waste products in the blood (azotemia) which results in nausea, anorexia, pericarditis, _______ dysfunction, ______ with asterixis and deposition of urea crystals in the skin.

Front 18

Hypertension; increased

Back 18

In ERSD _________ develops due to salt and water retention. Because there is an inability to get rid of organic acid, this causes an _______ anion gap with metabolic acidosis.

Front 19

Erythropoietin; peritubular interstitial

Back 19

In ESRD there is anemia due to decreased ______ production by renal ___________ _________ cells.

Front 20

Hypocalcemia; hyperphosphatemia

Back 20

Patients with ESRD have _____ due to decreased 1-alpha hydroxylation of vitamin D and hyper____________.

Front 21

Hyperparathyroidism; osteomalacia; osteoporosis

Back 21

In ESRD renal osteodystrophy occurs due to secondary _______________________; __________ (because osteoid can't be mineralized w/o vitamin D) and _______ (Calcium is leached from the bones).

Front 22

Cysts; renal cell

Back 22

Treatment for ESRD involves dialysis or renal transplant. However _____ often develop during dialysis and there is an increased risk for _______ _______ carcinoma.