Parasitology Test 3 - Flagellates

Front 1

What is Kinetoplast

Back 1

Cumulation of mitochondrial DNA near flagella (single large mitochondria)

Front 2

What type of movement do flagella have

Back 2

Corkscrew movement

Front 3

What is the distinguishing feature of Trypomastigote

Back 3

Kinetoplast posterior to nucleus

Front 4

What is the distinguishing feature of Epimastigote

Back 4

Kinetoplast near nucleus

Front 5

What is the distinguishing feature of Promastigote

Back 5

Kinetoplast anterior to nucleus

Front 6

What is the distinguishing feature of Amastigote

Back 6

No flagella, obligate intracellular parasite of professional phagocyte, must be ingested

Front 7

Side 2: What species does Giardia infect
Side 3: What ages are most susceptible

Back 7

Dog, cat, rodent, human, birds, cattle, esp beaver

Hint 7

Puppies and kittens

Front 8

Side 2: How is Giardia transmitted
Side 3: What is the infectious dose

Back 8

Direct, fecal-oral

Hint 8

Single cyst

Front 9

Side 2: Where are Giardia trophozoites located
Side 3: Where are Giardia cysts located

Back 9

Attached to epi of upper 1/3 of SI (noninvasive)

Hint 9

Colon, passed in feces

Front 10

Side 2: What is the diagnostic procedure for Giardia trophozoites
Side 3: For Giardia cysts

Back 10

Direct smear w/saline for motile trophozoites (float will lyse)

Hint 10

Fecal float w/zinc sulfate (cysts float above plane of ova, stain with iodine)

Front 11

When diagnosing Giardia what test is shared between species and strains

Back 11

Fecal Ag test

Front 12

What are some CS of Giardia infection

Back 12

Watery malodorous feces, colic, deficient in fat-soluble vitamins

Front 13

Side 2: Is Giardia zoonotic
Side 3: Are vaccines useful for tx

Back 13

Yes

Hint 13

No, they only reduce CS and cyst shedding

Front 14

What species does Tritrichomonas foetus infect

Back 14

Cattle/ruminants, cat

Front 15

Side 2: Where in the bull is Tritrichomonas foetus found
Side 3: What stage is infectious

Back 15

Prepuce, vas deferens

Hint 15

Trophozoites only

Front 16

How is Tritrichomonas foetus transmitted

Back 16

Direct, veneral transmission (mechanical)

Front 17

Side 2: What is the presentation of Tritrichomonas foetus in the bull
Side 3: In the cow

Back 17

No pathology, permanent carrier

Hint 17

Multiply in vagina -> uterus -> early abortion (1st T)

Front 18

Side 2: How should Tritrichomonas foetus be treated in the bull
Side 3: In the cow

Back 18

Cull infected bulls

Hint 18

AI with certified tritrich-free semen
Rebreed cows 3-4 mo post-infection

Front 19

Side 2: What stage of Tritrichomonas foetus is infectious in the cat
Side 3: Where is it found

Back 19

Trophozoites only (no cystic form)

Hint 19

Distal ileum and colon

Front 20

Side 2: What is the presentation of a cat infected with Tritrichomonas foetus
Side 3: What makes diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus difficult

Back 20

Normal appearance, intransient large bowel diarrhea

Hint 20

Difficult to ditinguish between Tritrich, Pentatrich, Giardia

Front 21

Side 2: What species are infected by Trichomonas gallinae
Side 3: What stage of Trichomonas gallinae is infective

Back 21

Pigeons, birds

Hint 21

Trophozoites only

Front 22

Side 2: How is Trichomonas gallinae transmitted
Side 3: What factor of Trichomonas gallinae causes a high mortality rate

Back 22

Food regurg, ingestion of infected birds

Hint 22

Metastasis to liver/bone

Front 23

What is the clinical presentation of Trichomonas gallinae

Back 23

Depression, ruffled feathers, green/cheesy discharge in mouth/crop

Front 24

Side 2: What species do Histomonas meleagridis infect
Side 3: What is the presentation in these species

Back 24

Chickens, turkeys

Hint 24

Chickens - asymptomatic, reservoir
Turkeys - sick, esp young

Front 25

Side 2: What stage of Histomonas meleagridis is infective
Side 3: What are some ways it is transmitted

Back 25

Trophozoites only

Hint 25

1. Trophozoite
2. Dormant form in Hetarakis ova (infectious >2yrs)
3. Paratenic earthworm infected with Hetarakis larva

Front 26

What disease is transmitted by Histomonas meleagridis

Back 26

Blackhead disease

Front 27

What are the locations of Histomonas meleagridis

Back 27

Flagellated form in cecum (1w)
Amoeboid form invades subepithelium

Front 28

Side 2: What are the CS of Histomonas meleagridis
Side 3: Where are the parasites located in regard to the lesion

Back 28

Droopy head, ruffled feathers, pasty vent, dark wattles (blackhead), sulfur colored droppings, hepatic necrosis

Hint 28

Organisms at leading edge of lesion

Front 29

What is the most important thing to remember when dealing with Histomonas meleagridis

Back 29

Don't co-raise chickens with turkeys

Front 30

What species do Leishmania mexicana, tropica infect, what are the roles of these species

Back 30

Sloth and rodent - reservoirs
Human - dead-end host

Front 31

Side 2: What are the stages of Leishmania mexicana, tropica
Side 3: Where are they found

Back 31

Amastigotes
Promastigotes

Hint 31

Amastigotes - replication in professional phagocytes (monocytes, RE cells)
Promastigotes - in biting fly (Phlebotomus, Lutzomyia)

Front 32

What disease is caused by Leishmania mexicana, tropica

Back 32

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

Front 33

Side 2: What species is infected with Leishmania brasilienses
Side 3: What disease is caused by Leishmania brasilienses

Back 33

Human

Hint 33

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

Front 34

Side 2: What species are infected with Leishmania donovani (infantum), chagasi
Side 3: What disease results

Back 34

Dog - infected, reservoir
Humans - children, immuno-compromised

Hint 34

Visceral leishmaniasis 'Kala Azar'

Front 35

Side 2: What species does Trypanosoma cruzi infect
Side 3: What is the vector

Back 35

Any vertebrate

Hint 35

Reduviid dubs (Triatomma): bit around mouth when host is asleep

Front 36

What are the stages of Trypanosoma cruzi

Back 36

Intracellular amastigotes (vertebrate, any nucleated cell)
Bloodstream trypomastigotes (non dividing)
Epimastogote in midgut of bug
metacyclic trypomastigote (to feces)

Front 37

What disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi

Back 37

Chagas' disease (similar to EPM)

Front 38

Side 2: If cultured promastigotes grow what organism is present
Side 3: If cultured epimastogotes grow what organism is present

Back 38

Leishmania

Hint 38

T. cruzi

Front 39

What is the number one cause of heart disease in the world

Back 39

Trypanosoma cruzi

Front 40

Side 2: What are some CS of Trypanosoma cruzi
Side 3: How is it diagnosed

Back 40

Anemia, myocardial cysts (conduction defects, death), conduction defects in ANS, autoimmune dz (shared Ag w/cardiac mm)
Death in dogs within 2 yr of dz

Hint 40

Blood smear (trypo), tissue (amast), serology, xenodiagnosis (look at feces of clean bugs feeding on dogs)

Front 41

Side 2: What species does Trypanosoma brucei, vivax infect
Side 3: What disease does it cause

Back 41

Cow

Hint 41

Bovine trypanosomiasis in Africa
tsetse fly - vector