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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Trematodes are in the phylum ________.
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Platyhelminthes
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Organisms in the class Digenea are also known as ________.
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Trematodes or flukes
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(T/F) Trematodes are segmented worms
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False, trematodes have only one tegument
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Most trematodes have a _______ intermediate host
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mollusk (snail or clam)
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Cercariae can do what three things?
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enter vertebrate through skin, enter a second intermediate host or attach to vegetation and encyst
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Trematode forms found in a secondary intermediate host or on vegetation are called what?
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Metacercariae
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What is an operculum?
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Cap at the end of ovum
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Geographically, where is Faciolopsis buski found?
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China, SE Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, India
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F. buski infection is acquired by consuming metacercariae on what?
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water vegetation (bamboo, water chestnuts, etc.)
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What is the definitive host of F. buski?
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Humans
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Signs and symptoms of F. buski infection
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inflammation, intestinal ulceration, hemorrhage, abdominal pain, diarrhea, poor vitamin B12 absorbtion, intestinal obstruction, edema, ascites, eosinophilia
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Size of F. buski eggs
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103-140 micrometers by 80-85 micrometers
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Possible treatments for F. buski
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Praziquantel, niclosamide
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Geographically, H. heterophyes is primarily found in:
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Japan, Korea, China, the Phillipines, India, Egypt
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Heterophyid infection is acquired how?
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By ingesting raw or pickled fresh water fish (metacercariae encyst under the scales of in the flesh of the fish)
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Size of heterophyid eggs
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26.5-30 micrometers by 15-17 micrometers
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Signs and symptoms of heterophyid infection
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May be asymptomatic or cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea
May invade mucosa and embolize in brain, spinal cord, heart and cause granulomas |
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Fasciola hepatica is commonly known as the ________.
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sheep liver fluke
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The natural definitive host for F. hepatica is ______.
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sheep
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Geographically, where is F. hepatica found?
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worldwide
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Describe the characteristic shape of F. hepatica adults
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cephalic cone
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Symptoms of F. hepatica infection
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biliary obstruction, cholangitis, fever, chills, right upper quadrant pain, jaundice, hepatomegaly, eosinophilia, secondary bacterial infections, portal cirrhosis
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Treatment for F. hepatica
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Bithionol
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How is F. hepatica infection acquired?
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Eating watercress grown in water to which herbivores had access
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Clonochis sinensis is commonly known as:
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the Chinese liver fluke
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Symptoms of Clonorchis sinensis infection
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can be asymptomatic, fever, diarrhea, epigastric pain, anoerxia, hepatomegaly, jaundine, leukocytosis, eosinophilia, biliary obstruction
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What is the treatment for C. sinensis infection?
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praziquantel
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Eggs of Paragonimus may be found in what body fluids?
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sputum, feces
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How is Paragonimus infection acquired?
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Ingesting undercooked or raw crayfish or fresh-water crabs
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Treatment for Paragonimus infection
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Praziquantel or bithionol
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Adults worms of the genus Schistosoma live where?
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in the vasculature
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Eggs of Schistosoma are found where?
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feces or urine
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Geographically, where is S. mansoni found?
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Africa, Middle East, Brazil, Venezuela, Caribbean
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Geographically, S. japonicum is found where?
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China, Phillipines, Japan, Indonesia
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What is the common name of S. japonicum?
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the Oriental blood fluke
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Size of eggs of S. japonicum
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55-85 micrometers by 40-60 micrometers
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S. haematobium is seen where geographically?
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Africa, Cyprus, Portugal, Asia minor
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The spine on the eggs of S. haematobium are found where?
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On the terminal end
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Toxoplasma gondii has what definitive host?
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Cats
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Toxoplasma gondii has what intermediate host?
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mice
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(T/F) Oocysts of toxoplasma gondii are immediately infective
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False, sporozoites must develop before the oocyst is infective
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Asexual multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii occurs where?
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In the tissues of the cat
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Toxoplasma gondii can cause what in the fetus of pregnant women?
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miscarriage, poor neural development, microcephaly, blindness (later in life)
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Infective oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii are infective for up to _______.
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1 year
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An unusual mode of infection of man by Toxoplasma gondii is by eating ________.
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undercooked/raw meat with calcified cysts
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The most frequent neurologic infection in HIV patients is _______.
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toxoplasmosis
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How can you avoid contracting Toxoplasmosis gondii infection?
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avoid contact with cat litter or soil where cats defecate, avoid uncooked or undercooked meats
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Cryptosporidium parvus infects both ______ and ______.
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man, animal
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Cryptosporidium is found ________.
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worldwide
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What does cryptosporidium infection cause?
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profuse/watery diarrhea
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Cryptosporidium has oocysts that are infective when?
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immediately
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Cryptosporidium ______ (are/are not) killed by routine chlorination of water
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are not
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Malaria is transmitted by ________.
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the female anopheles mosquito
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Male and female gametocytes of Plasmodium unite to form an infective oocyst where?
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in the stomach of the female anopheles mosquito
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Most deaths from malaria occur in what populations?
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Children and pregnant women
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Describe the possible symptoms of malaria
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fever, headache, chills, vomiting, anemia, respiratory distress, multi-organ involvement (cerebral malaria, renal failure, death)
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Name the 5 species of Plasmodium that affect man
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P. vivax, P. malariae, P. falciparum, P. ovale, P. knowlesi
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Sporozoites of Plasmodium have a specific affinity for what cells?
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hepatocytes
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Sexual multiplication of Plasmodium occurs in what organism?
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Anopheles mosquito
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Asexual multiplication of Plasmodium occurs in what organism?
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Man
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In malaria, the release of crytozoic merozoites into the circulation coincides with what?
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rise in fever and beginning of the erythrocytic cycle
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The reproductive cycle in the liver by Plasmodium is called what?
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the exoerythrocytic cycle
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Key characteristics in differentiating species of Plasmodium
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fever cycle, red blood cell preference
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Which Plasmodium species has a four day fever cycle?
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Plasmodium malariae
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P. falciparum has what red blood cell preference?
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It will invade any RBC
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P. vivax and P. ovale produce _______ granules
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Schuffner's
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P. vivax and P. ovale can remain dormant where?
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in the liver, this can result in relapse
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P. vivax prefers what type of red blood cell?
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young (large)
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Trophozoites of P. malariae tend to _______ in the red cell.
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band
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Ring trophozoites of P. falciparum are usually found where in the red cell?
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On the edge of the red cell (accole)
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Gametocytes of P. falciparum are ________ shaped.
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banana
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A double signet is a characteristic feature of ________.
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P. falciparum
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Two type of red cell preparations for malaria screening
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traditional thin blood smear, thick smear (lyses red cells)
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Red blood cells infected with P. ovale tend to have what shape?
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oval
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Complications of malarial infection
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quartan nephropathy, anemia, hypoxia, blackwater fever, relapse, superinfection
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What Plasmodium species can form hypnozoites?
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P. vivax, P. ovale
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Drugs for malarial infection are given based on what?
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species, drug resistance (region), parasite load
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If using Giemsa stain, you must place the smeared slide in what substance first?
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methanol
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(T/F) You can determine the species of Plasmodium by looking at a thick blood smear
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False
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The "ParaSight" test detects what organism? How?
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P. falciparum by detecting the presence of a specific histidine-rich protein by an antigen-capture immunochromatographic strip format
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Babesia is endemic where in the U.S.?
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Northeast/Martha's Vineyard
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A maltese cross in red blood cells is characteristic for ________.
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Babesia
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Class Mastigophora move by one or more ______
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flagella
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4 types of movement utilized by protozoa
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pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, gliding
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(T/F) The tropphozoite of class Lobosea is the motile, reproducing, feeding stage
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True
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Which stage of Class Lobosea is infective?
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cyst
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Where do ameba of Class Lobosea excyst?
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the lower intestine
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Diagnostic features of Class Lobosea
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Trophozoite:
nuclear structure number of nuclei size cytoplasmic inclusions type of motility Cyst: size/shape inclusion bodies nuclear structure number of nuclei |
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(T/F) E. histolytica lives only in humans
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True
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E. histolytica is the _____ highest cause of death due to a parasitic disease worldwide
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3rd
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E. histolytica has how many nuclei? Describe the chromatin.
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1 nucleus, central karyosome with peripheral chromatin granules lining the nuclear membrane
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The trophozoite cytoplasm of E. histolytica is characteristic due to the presence of __________.
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cytoplasmic RBCs
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The cyst of E. histolytica has how many nuclei?
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1, 2 or 4
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Diagnosis of E. hystolytica is based on:
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recovery of trophozoites or cysts in feces or intestinal mucosa, permanently stained smear of fresh stool specimen, saline mount on fresh liquid or soft stool with immediate observation of troph motility, antigen-based immunoassays, serological assays for extra-intestinal infection
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(T/F) E. dispar is pathogenic
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False
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(T/F) E. hartmanni is pathogenic
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False
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E. hartmanni is distinguished from E. histolytica by _______.
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size, trophs < 12 micrometers, cysts < 10 micrometers
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(T/F) Entamoeba coli is pathogenic
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False
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How is E. coli differentiated from E. histolytica?
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Irregular peripheral chromatin clumping along nuclear membrane, does not ingest RBCs, cyst stage up to 8 nuclei, chromatoid bars have pointed ends
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E. polecki is usually found in what species? Is it pathogenic?
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Pigs and monkeys, nonpathogenic
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E. gingivalis ingests what cells?
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White blood cells
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Iodamoeba butschlii has a large _______ in the cyst stage that stains brown with iodine
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glycogen vacuole
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E. nana has what type of peripheral chromatin?
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None
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Describe the oxygen requirements for Blastocystis hominis
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anaerobe
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Drug of choice for Blastocystis hominis
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Metronidazole
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Describe the appearance of the cyst stage of Blastocystis hominis
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Round cyst 6-40 micrometers in size, large central vacuole surrounded by nuclei
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Acanthamoebia spp. enters the body through ________.
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the respiratory tract, broken skin/mucous membranes, eyes
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______ is the largest protozoan parasite in humans
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Balantidium coli (troph is 40x50 micrometers)
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Balantidium coli have what type of motility?
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Rotary by cilia
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Naegleria fowleri causes what?
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Primary amebic meningoencephalitis
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Diagnosis of N. fowleria is made by:
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high neutrophil count without evidence of bacteria in CSF, motile ameba in unstained preps with enhanced motility by warming to 95 degrees, Giemsa or trichrome stain
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Giardia lamblia causes what?
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giardiasis (Traveler's diarrhea)
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G. lamblia troph reproduce by _______ in the small intestine
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binary fission
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Dientamoeba fragilis is usually asymptomatic but can cause ________
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diarrhea, anorexia, abdominal pain
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D. fragilis diagnosis is made by identification of ______ in feces.
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trophozoites
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D. fragilis infection is associated with infection by what other organism?
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Enterobius vermicularis
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D. fragilis has what means of motility?
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pseudopodia
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Chilomastic mesnili has a ______ referred to as a shepherd's crook
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spiral groove
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Chilomastix has how many nuclei?
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1
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T. vaginalis inhabits what area of the body?
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vagina or urethra
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Transmission of T. vaginalis is by ______.
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sexual intercourse
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T. vaginalis move by rippling motion of ________.
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an undulating protoplasmic membrane
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T. vaginalis has two axostyles which are _____.
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axial rods that support the troph
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T. vaginalis causes what?
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Trichomoniasis, urethritis, presistent vaginal inflammation, burning on urination, and frothy, yellowing foul-smelling vaginal discharge
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(T/F) T. hominis is pathogenic
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False
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T. vaginalis has an undulating membrane _____ length of its body, while T. homnis has an undulating membrane ______ length of its body
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half, whole
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