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153 Cards in this Set

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Enterobius vermicularis adult

Enterobius vermicularis egg




50 - 60 by 20 - 30 um, thick, double-layeredshell, flattened on one side.

Enterobius vermicularis egg




50 - 60 by 20 - 30 um, thick, double-layeredshell, flattened on one side.

what is this?



what is the pathology related to?

Trichuris trichiura adult




Whipworm: Adults live up to 8 years threaded in intestine.




Pathology related to damage to mucosa and an allergic response.

what is this?



what other parasite is commonly found with it?





Trichuris trichiura egg: whipworm




Frequently found along with


Ascaris lumbricoides





Common name?




What is the infective stage of this parasite?




What is the diagnostic stage?

Trichuris trichiura egg


Whipworm




Mature eggs are the infective stage, they mature in the environment. The immature egg is diagnostic.

Ascaris lumbricoides adult




Adults very large(6 – 12 inches in length). Live in the small intestine(do not attach).

Whats this?

Sizes?



Ascaris lumbricoides egg fertilized




45 - 75 by 35 - 50 um, oval,thick - shelled, bile-stained, central zygote; may be mammillated(outer albuminoid coat present)or decorticated (outer coat absent).

Whats this?

Sizes?

Ascaris lumbricoides egg unfertilized




85 - 95 by 43 - 47 um,thin shell, internal contents are a mass of highly refractive granules; may be irregularmammillated or decorticated.

Hookworm egg




Identical for both genera




60-75 μm by 35-40 μm; oval. Smooth, thin shell.

Hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale) adult




RARELY SEEN

Hookworm (Necator americanus) adult


Cutting plates




RARELY SEEN

Hookworm egg

Hookworm egg

Hookworm egg

Trichostrongylus egg




Lab diagnosis is by: Egg: 75-95 μm by 40-50 μm; tapered atone end (“chicken-egg” shape), thin shell. Egg larger and more pointy thanhookworm egg

Trichostrongylus egg




Lab diagnosis is by: Egg: 75-95 μm by 40-50 μm; tapered atone end (“chicken-egg” shape), thin shell. Egg larger and more pointy thanhookworm egg

Strongyloides stercoralis Rhabditiform




"threadworm"

Strongyloides stercoralis Rhabditiform




"threadworm"

Strongyloides stercoralis Rhabditiform




"threadworm"

Capillaria philippinensis egg


UNEMBRYONATED


35 - 45 by 21 umPolar plugs (may be hard to see),striated shell, also more rectangular than T. trichiura.

Capillaria philippinensis egg




35 - 45 by 21 um Polar plugs (may be hard to see), striated shell, also more rectangular than T. trichiura.

Capillaria philippinensis egg

id



which infected animal meat transmits it?

Trichinella spiralis




PORK... or bear! carnivore..

id



what is the infective stage




what is the diagnostic stage

Trichinella spiralis




infective stage: encysted larvae ingested




diagnostic stage: larvae in striated muscle

ID



Morphology?


Periodicity?


Location?

Wuchereria bancrofti




Morphology of microfilaria:sheathed, discrete nuclei,nuclei do not extend to the tip of the tailPeriodicity: nocturnal-collect specimenbetween 10pm-2am


Location of microfilaria:blood

ID

Morphology?


Periodicity?


Location?

Wuchereria bancrofti




Morphology of microfilaria: sheathed, discrete nuclei, nuclei do not extend to the tip of the tail Periodicity: nocturnal-collect specimen between 10pm-2am


Location of microfilaria: blood

1

#1

#1: Wuchereria bancrofti




(lymphatic)Sheath,no nuclei in the tip of the tail

Brugia malayi



Morphology of microfilaria:sheathed, Two terminal nuclei separated with asignificant gap,column of nuclei is compact


Periodicity: nocturnal-collect specimenbetween 10pm-2am


Location of microfilaria:blood

Brugia malayi

2

2

#2: Brugia malayi




(lymphatic)Sheath, 2 distinct nuclei in the tip of the tail

ID
where do these sometimes migrate to, and then cause psychological problems?
ID



where do these sometimes migrate to, and then cause psychological problems?

Loa loa

Travel to the eye!

Loa loa




Travel to the eye!

ID



Periodicity?

Loa loa




Microfilariae showdiurnal periodicity:Peripheral blood during day, lung, etc.at nightDiagnosis is best made from blood collected duringthe mid-day (10 AM-2 PM)

3

#3




What is the vector?




Diagnostic stage?

#3: Loa loa




FLY! Infective larvae are injectedinto host. Females producemicrofilariae(diagnostic stage) thatcirculate in peripheral blood.




(tissueand “eye worm”)Sheath, nuclei extending to the tip of the tail

4

4




(Found in SKIN)

Onchocerca volvulus




No sheath, no nuclei in the tip of thetail

ID
morphology
periodicity
location
ID



morphology


periodicity


location

Onchocerca volvulus




Morphology of microfilaria:unsheathed, nuclei donot extend to tip of tail,column of nucleiis moderately compact


Periodicity: nonperiodic


Location of microfilaria:subcutaneous tissue

Onchocerca volvulus




unsheathed, nuclei don't go to tip of tail, non periodic, in subcutaneous tissue

6

#6




Vector?

#6: Mansonella ozzardi




Unsheathed, nuclei don't go to tip, compact nuclei, located in the BLOOD, non periodic




Biting fly vector

Mansonella ozzardi




Unsheathed, nuclei don't go to tip, compact nuclei, located in the BLOOD, non periodicBiting fly vector

5

5

#5: Mansonella perstans




Unsheathed, nuclei go to tip, compacted column of nuclei, non periodic, located in the blood.

Mansonella perstans




No sheath, nuclei extending to the tip ofthe tail

Mansonella perstans




No sheath, nuclei extending to the tip ofthe tail

7

#7





#7: Mansonella streptocerca




Vector is the fly.


HOOKED tail. In the skin.




OCCURS in Africa only

Mansonella streptocerca




hooked tail

Taenia egg

Taenia egg

Taenia egg




The egg (most common diagnostic stage) is bile stained, round, 30 – 43 um., has a thick cell wall with radial striations. Inside the embryonated egg is a six hooked oncosphere.

ID



Diagnostic stage?

Hymenolepis nana egg




Eggs are the diagnostic stage




They are oval 30 to 50 µm (Smaller than Hymenolepis diminuta)

What is this?




common name?




unique lifecycle?

Hymenolepis nana egg




dwarf tapeworm! most common of all cestode infections




flour beetle intermediate, can skip and be autoinfective, human to human transfer

ID



whats on the inner membrane?

Hymenolepis nana egg




On the inner membrane are two poles, from which 4 to 8polar filaments spread out between the two membranes.

Hymenolepis diminuta egg




Eggs are round or slightly oval, size 70 - 85 µmwith striated outer membrane and a thin inner membrane. The space between themembranes is smooth or faintly granular. Withoutpolar filaments.The oncosphere has six hooks.

Hymenolepis diminuta egg

intermediate host?

Diphyllobothrium latum egg




Two intermediate hosts! copepod and fish




The scolex has two sucking grooves (instead of suckers/hooklets)

what's unique about this structure for the group?

Diphyllobothrium latum egg




Unembryonated, operculated, bile stained, 58– 76 um by 40 – 50 um. There is a knoblike structure on the end opposite the operculum.The operculum is unique for thetapeworms (cestodes)




We will see them again in the flukes (trematodes)

ID
what pathologies does it cause

ID


what pathologies does it cause

Echinococcus granulosus

hydatid cysts, can be in bone

Echinococcus granulosus




hydatid cysts, can be in bone

id?

common name?

Dipylidium caninum egg packet




Called the dog tapeworm.Children are most often infectedby ingesting fleas containing the larval stage.

id?

vector?

Dipylidium caninum egg packet




flea vector

id




1st & 2nd intermediate hosts?

Paragonimus westermani egg in sputum






Snails are the first intermediate host and crustaceansare the second intermediate host

ID




how do humans get infected

Paragonimus westermani egg in sputum




Acquired through ingestion of metacercariae inraw, pickled, or undercooked freshwater crabs or crayfish

ID




known as.....

Fasciolopsis buski/hepatica egg




Known as the giant intestinal fluke.

ID

Hosts?


How do humans get it?

Fasciolopsis buski/hepatica egg




First intermediate host is the snail;second intermediate host is freshwater vegetation




Humans get it by ingesting infected vegetation (bamboo shoots and water chestnuts)

ID



Known as....

Clonorchis/Opisthorchiss egg




Known as the Chinese liver fluke.

ID




characteristics...

Clonorchis/Opisthorchis egg




29 – 35 um, embryonated,flask shaped, operculated with prominent shoulders, and a knob at the end opposite theoperculum.

Opisthorchis/Clonorchis egg

ID



where's it found in the world and the body?

Schistosoma mansoni egg




Found primarily in Africa, South America,West Indies, and Puerto Rico.




It livesmainly in the veins of the large intestine.

Schistosoma mansoni egg

Schistosoma mansoni egg

ID



Where's it found in the world and the body?

Schistosoma japonicum egg




Found primarily in the Far East. (Japan,China, Philippines).




It lives mainly in the veins of the small intestine.

ID




Does it have a spine?

Schistosoma japonicum egg




Has a small curved spine


(can be difficult to see)

Schistosoma japonicum egg

ID




Where's it found in the world and the body?



Schistosoma haematobium egg



Found primarily in the Nile Valley,Mideast, and East Africa.




It livesmainly in the veins of the bladder.

Schistosoma haematobium egg

Nanophyetus egg

Nanophyetus adult

Pediculus humanus adult

Pediculus humanus nit

Phthirus pubis adult

Sarcoptes scabei adult

Sarcoptes scabei adult

Sarcoptes scabei adult

Common name: pinworm


Scientific name: _________________



Most common symptom:




How is it transmitted?

Enterobius vermicularis




anal itching




fecal-oral

With pinworm, is it the male or female that causes pathology? How do they do it?

ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS Female lives in intestine, transits to anus atnight, deposits eggs in perianal area.

Enterobius vermicularis
with alae

8-13mm

Enterobius vermicularis


with alae




8-13mm

Enterobius vermicularis female adult

Enterobius vermicularis in histology

What is the scotch tape prep used to detect?

Pinworm! Enterobius vermicularis

Which parasite caused the prolapsed anus?

Whipworm

Trichuris trichiura




50 - 55 by 22 - 24 umBarrel-shaped, bile stained,thick shell, mucoid plugsat each end,unembryonated.



Trichuris trichiura




Slender, thread likeanterior portion(“whip”).




Thick, posterior portion(“handle”).



Ascaris lumbricoides infection



Ascaris lumbricoides egg fertilized



Ascaris lumbricoides egg unfertilized

Ascaris lumbricoides egg decorticated

What are the most common humanhelminthic infections?

1. Ascaris


2. Hookworm

Whats the most common symptom of hookworm infection?

Iron deficiency anemia (caused by blood loss at the siteof intestinal attachment of the adult worms) is the mostcommon symptom of hookworm infection, and can beaccompanied by cardiac complications.




Gastrointestinaland nutritional/metabolic symptoms can also occur.

How do you make the diagnoses of hookworm infection?

Diagnose by identification of eggs in feces (adultsremain attached to intestinal mucosa) andhypochromic, microcytic anemia.

Which parasite causes an intense desire to eat dirt (loss of iron)?

Hookworm!

What's the infective form of the hookworm?

Filariform

Filariform

What is the route that hookworm takes in the body?!

1. Filariformlarva penetrate the skin


2. travels to the heart (via the lymph system) and then to the lungs


3. Theyare then coughed up


4. swallowed


5. mature in the intestine.

What are the two hookworm species?

1. Necator americanus (“New World”)




2. Ancyclostoma duodenale ("Old World")


Found in the Middle East, N. Africa, S. Europe



Hookworm (Necator americanus) adult




Cutting plates




RARELY SEEN

Hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale)




Mouth has 2 pairs of teeth.




RARELY SEEN

Hookworm Rhabditiform larvae




Long buccal canal (mouth), genital primordium small (or not present).




Need to know this to distinguish from Strongyloides stercoralis

Hookworm 

 Filariform larvae: (identical for both genera).

						Infective stage: RARELY SEEN

Hookworm




Filariform larvae: (identical for both genera). Infective stage: RARELY SEEN



Hookwormegg




embryonated




Hookwormegg, embryonated

What is the infective form of Trichostrongylus?

Found in small intestine.
Eggs are shed into soil
from herbivorous animals. Humans acquire by ingesting
infective filariform larvae or
possibly skin penetration from
Larvae on plant material.

Found in small intestine.Eggs are shed into soilfrom herbivorous animals. Humans acquire by ingestinginfective filariform larvae orpossibly skin penetration fromLarvae on plant material.

Which parasite has a similar life cycle as Strongyloides stercoralis ? What's different about it?

Life cycle similar to hookwormexcept has an auto-infectivecycle (infective filariform larvain the host invades internalmucosa or perianal skin).

How do you diagnose Strongyloides

Rhabditiform larvae in feces.

Rhabditiform larvae in feces.

Strongyloides stercoralis


Short buccal canal

Strongyloides stercoralis




Prominent genital primordium

Strongyloides stercoralis




Notched tail

What is the infective stage of Capillaria philippinensis

Humans get infection from eatinglarvae (infective stage) from infectedinsufficiently cooked fish (fresh water).

Which of the nematodes requires only one host?

Capillaria hepatica

Which parasite migrates around the body, but mainly lives in the small intestine?

Ascaris lumbricoides












Splinter hemorrhages beneath the nails

Splinter hemorrhages beneath the nails

Caused by Trichinella spiralis




Trichinosis from ingesting infected meat




PORK

Trichinellalarvae

Dracunculus medinesis




Causes Dracunculosis: Guinea Worm Disease

which parasite uses the copepod as an intermediate host?

Dracunculus medinesis




humans drink water with infected copepods in it!

NOTE: filarial worms transmitted by insect vectors includes....

Lymphatic (elephantiasis)


-Wuchereria bancrofti


-Brugia malayi


Loa Loa (African eye worm)


Onchocerca volvulus (river blindness)



two lymphatic filaria:

Wuchereria bancrofti


Brugia malayi




Second most common mosquito borne disease.Wuchereria bancrofti isencountered in tropical areas worldwide; Brugia malayi islimited to Asia

Sheathed filarial worms:




Transmitted by??

Wuchereria bancrofti - mosquito


Brugia malayi - mosquito

ID

ID

Wuchereria bancrofti




Morphology of microfilaria: sheathed, discrete nuclei, nuclei do not extend to the tip of the tail Periodicity: nocturnal-collect specimen between 10pm-2am


Location of microfilaria: blood

Loa Loa

Loa Loa

Onchocerca volvulus in tissue

Tapeworm:


Taenia saginata found in ___________ meat.


Taenia solium found in __________ meat.

T. saginata=beef


T. solium=pork

What is the major difference in the life cycles of the two tapeworms?

Major difference in the life cycles isthat humans canalso be the intermediate hostfor T. solium.

Laboratory diagnosis of adult tapeworminfection:

Finding the egg, scolex, or proglottid(s)
in feces.

The egg (most common diagnostic stage) is
bile stained, round, 30 – 43 um., 

has a thick cell wall with radial
striations.  Inside the embryonated egg
is a six

hooked oncosphere.

Finding the egg, scolex, or proglottid(s)in feces.The egg (most common diagnostic stage) isbile stained, round, 30 – 43 um., has a thick cell wall with radialstriations. Inside the embryonated eggis a sixhooked oncosphere.



T.solium: 7 –13 uterine branches on one side



T. saginata: 15 – 20 uterine branches on one side.

T. solium: 4suckers and a rostellum with a double row of hooklets.

T.saginata: 4suckers.

Which parasite is found in flour beetles?

Hymenolepis nana

Hymenolepis nanaadult

RAT tapeworm?

Hymenolepis diminuta






It is acquired by ingesting fleas thatcontain the infective cysticercoid

Which parasite has two intermediate hosts?

Diphyllobothrium latum egg




Two intermediate hosts! copepod and fish

Diphyllobothrium latum




wider than it is long...

Known as hydatid cyst disease. . .

Echinococcus granulosus

Tapeworms are ______odes.


Flukes are __________odes.



tapeworms are chested


flukes are trematodes

What is common about all the trematode's life cycles?

•Eggsmust reach water to mature




Allhave snail species as the first intermediate host

Also known as the lungfluke!




Paragonimus westermani

Paragonimus westermani adult

ID

ID



Paragonimus westermani




–Size:80-118um X 48-60 um–Oval,flattened operculum, slightshoulders, unembryonated, thickenedarea opposite the operculum

Known as the giant intestinal fluke.

Fasciolopsis buski




Known as the giantintestinalfluke.

Known as the sheep liver fluke.




In sheep, it is known as liver rot.

Fasciola hepatica

What do Clonorchis feed on?

bile

which of the flukes is not hermaphroditic

Schistosoma species


Bloodflukes =live in the veins

schistosomaldermatitis is called

swimmer's itch

Head lice:


Body lice:


Pubic lice:

HeadLice: (Pediculushumanus capitis).




Body Lice: (Pediculushumanus corporis)




Pubic Lice: (Phthirus pubis)

What is the primary human bot fly.

Dermatobia hominis

which parasite is this

which parasite is this

Tunga penetrans

What causes these nodules?

What causes these nodules?

Onchocerca volvulus




microfilariae are found in subcutaneous

which of the mansonella sp. is not found in the blood?

mansonella streptocerca

which of the mansonella spp. is only found in the Americas

Mansonella ozzardi