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60 Cards in this Set
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"Canine Round Worm"
Nematode |
Toxocara canis
Direct LC Ingestion, Transplacental, Transmammary, Paratenic Host Symptoms: pot-bellied, Dull coat, alternating diarrhea/constipation, coughing resp distress, death of puppies/kittens 2-3wks Fecal Float/Centrifuge Verry Resistant/soil for yrs zoonotic! VLM/OLM |
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"Round Worm"
Canine/Feline Nematode |
Toxocara Leonina
Direct-Ingestion, Paratenic Host unembryonated eggs Zoonotic! VLM/OLM interfere w/ digestion &absorption of nutrients may create Mechanical Blockage |
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Toxocara Cati
Canine/Feline Round Worm |
Round Worm
Nematode Direct: Ingestion, Transmammary, paratenic host Prepatent 2 mos |
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"Hook worms"
Canine/Feline Nematode |
Ancylostoma sp. + uncinaria stenocophala
Consume BLOOD from Host Direct: Ingest, Skin Pen, TP, TM Able to hybernate when wormed Prepatent:2 wks Symptoms: Weakness, Pale MM, unthrifty, Poor Growth, Restless, bloody diarrhea, death in puppies Detect: F/F & Centrifuge Zoonosis: CLM Attache to mucosal surface of SI, produce anti-coags, appear grossly "hair like" |
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"Bladder Worm"
Nematode Canine/Feline |
Capillaria plica
Not very common attach to wall of bladder Indirect: indermediat host is the earthworm Symptoms: clinical signs, relatively harmless Detection: UA or FF Barrel shaped w/ offset plugs Prevent Ingestion of Earth worm |
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"Lung Worm"
Nematode Canine/Feline |
Capillaria aerophilia
found in larger airways of lungs Not very common Direct: earthworm may be paratenic host? Signs: wheezing, cough, nasal discharge, emaciation & pale MM, may predispose animal to pneumonia Detect: FF?? Barrel shaped w/ offset plugs |
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"Heart Worm"
Canine/Feline Nematode |
Dirofilaria immitus
Pathogenic-Lg vessels of Hrt Life Cycle: Indirect Intermediate Host: Mosquito Prepatent: 6-9 mos to mature and reproduce Microfilariae can exist in bloostream for 2 yrs waiting for mosquito to injest Adult life: 5 yrs Symptoms: decreased stamina, weakness, collapse, chronic cough, edema in ab, chest and limbs, death Why? Parasites cause inflamation of arterial wall and obstruct bvs. Heart valves may be held open by adult worms Detection: for microfilaria- blood smear, PCV tube, Filter Test. Microfilariae seem to be nocturnal so may have best chance if sample at night Occult: Antigen test (Sharpened/pointed head and tail) Treatment of HW is $$ and requires caution Preventative!!-no adults |
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Not pathogeic!!
Mistaken for Dirofilaria immitis |
Dipetalonema reconditum
Rounded head |
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"Bloodworms"
Equine |
Strongylus sp.
inhabitants of the cecum and SI ingest blood creating dark aldult worms Life cycle: Direct- larva develop to infective 3rd stage on pasture, moisture is critical for larval survival, warmth speeds development to as little as 3 days. Trasmission is by ingestion of 3rd stage larva while grazing. Strongylus vulgaris: most pathogenic of group. Larvae irritate the walls of the SI and arteries. Causes roughening of arterial walls which may lead to clot formation that inhibits blood formation. Weakened arteries may lead to VERMIOUS ARTERITIS (cranial mesenteric artery) Aneurysms may burst, causing death. Symptoms: Diarrhea, fever, edema, anorexia, wt loss, dehydration, lameness due to blockage of blood flow to hind limbs. Detect: FF, Centrifuge Notes: COLIC! dues to lesions caused by larval migration, ~90% of colics in horses w/ out parasitic control treat mares, don't overcrowd, clean quarters, break up dense ground cover, ant-parasitics |
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"Horse roundworm"
Equine Nematode |
Parascaris equorum
Life cycle: direct, transmission by ingestion Symptoms: in foals- decreased growth & debilitation, somedimes death, sometimes pot bellied, coarse hair coat, may exhibit foul smelling scours Detection: FF/ Cent Adult worms can cause intestinal obstruction or rupture Control: de-worm pregnant mares, manure disposal, dont overcrowd |
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"Stomach Worm"
"Summer Sores" Nematode Equine |
Habronema sp.
Life Cycle: indirect Intermediate host: house/stable flies Ingest infective larvae from flies that feed around mouth Adult worms in tumor like swellings imbedded in stomach wall or free on mucosa. Larvae hatch in intestine. Eggs passed in feces Symptoms: Larvae in wounds= ulcerated irritation "summer sore", itchy, reddish-yellow tissue Eyes=persistant conjunctivits Nose=travel to lungs and embed causing tinny abcesses Stomache=colic/blockage in Lg #s Detect: FF/ can find worms upon gastric lavage |
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"Intestinal Threadworms"
Equine Nematode |
Strongyloides sp. westeri
Inhabit small intestine in foals Life cylce: Direct Transmammary- larvae in mare activated by parturition and move to mammary tissue Cutaneous-enter skin and move to lungs, then trachea, coughed up and swallowed Ingestion Symptoms: Lungs-bleeding and resp problems; Skin- inflammation/rash where entered; FOALS: diarrhea, wt loss, weakness, decressed growth (cause of 7-10d old diahrrea??) Detect: FF/ Cent Deworm q mo until weaned! Adulte: long and hair like 8-9mm |
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"Equine Pinworm"
Nematode |
Oxyuris equi
Inhabit Lg intest and anus Life Cycle: direct- female worms migrate out of anus to lay egs on the perianal skin, eggs covered w/ sticky fluid, eggs embryonate in 3-5days, drop into feed/water where ingested Symptoms: sever irritability due to itching (caused by fluid), poor appearance at tail head, "rat-tail" w/ hair loss, rubbing tail Detection: Scotch Tape Control: clean quarters, change bedding, de-worm |
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"Whip worm"
Canine/Feline Nematode |
Life Cycle: direct, ingestion
Eggs hatch in SI, migrate to LG I, mature and mate in LG I, Eggs passed through feces, mature into infevtive larvae Prepatent: 6wks to 3 mos Ova very resistant to environment (BUT cant withstand drying) Symptoms: profuse diarrhea, decreased weight, unthrifty, blood in stool w/ mucus Detection: FF/Cent Adults: LG Intest and ceacum, consum blood, look like a whip, female larger Uncommon in cats, TX includes strict sannitaion, TX should be repeated at 3 mo intervals to destroy worms as they mature |
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"Large Roundworm"
Swine Nematode |
Resides in the SI of pig
Life Cycle: direct, infective eggs contaminate food, water, dust and soil. Adults live on intestinal contents Symptoms: Unthrifty, diarrhea, wt loss, death when blockage occurs, asthma-like condition "Thumps", "milk spots" on liver due to larval migration (condemnation at slaughter) Detection :FF/Cent |
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"Thorny-headed worm"
Swine not a nematode..but an ancanthocephalan |
Macrocanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
Live in SI and absorbs nutrients form the intestinal contents "has spiker on top of its head" Life cycle: Indirect Intermediate host: June bug, Dung Beatle, Water Beetle Symptoms: stunted pigs, scours, wt loss Detection: FF/ Cent ova contains a canthor larva surrounded by several layered wall |
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"Trichina worm"
Swine Nematode |
Trichinella spiralis
Life Cycle: Intermediate and main host ( pigs eath other pigs and release it) Symptoms: may not bother pig but may condemn hog HUMAN symptoms: nausea, diarrhea, pain, possible death from paralysis of resp muscles. Detection: necropsy or slaughter, find larva stage not ova stage Control: freezin and cooking thoroughly prior to consumption |
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"Intestinal threadworm"
Swine Nematode |
Strongyloides ransomi
Small intestine Life cycle: direct- ingestion, skin penetration, or transmammary Symptoms: coughing (larval migration), muscle soreness (larva in SQ fat), abdominal pain, sudden death, piglets vomit (mimic TGE), scours Detection: FF/Cent Ova:dense and embryonated (looks like a worm inside) |
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"Nodular worm"
Swine Nematode |
Oesophagostomum sp.
adult worms are found in the LG intest & larva in the Small and LG intest, appear as "nodules" on the mucosal surface Life cycle: direct Symptoms: sever diarrhea (dark, mucus), loss of appetite, emaciation, death Detection: FF/ Cent Ova: oval containing spheres, fairly transparent |
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"Lung Worm"
Swine Nematode |
Metastrongylus sp.
lives in the brochi and bronchioles of the lung. eggs laid in bronchi and coughed up, swallowed, & passed in feces Life cycle: indirect Intermediate host: earth worm Symptoms: persistant cough w/ loss of condition and stunted growth, lung irritation and inflammation may predispose pig to secondary bacterial infections Detection: FF/ Cent or at necropsy Ova: oval shape, rough outer shell wall w/ dense interior larval development, fuzzy appearance |
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"Kidney worm"
swine nematode |
Stephanurus sp. dentatus
Adult worm is 2-4cm long and has a stout body. Internal organs show through body wall, giving them a "molted" appearance. adults usually found in pairs in cysts in kidney or surrounding fat Life Cycle: direct- transmission is by ingestion or skin penetration Paratenic Host: earth worm Prepatent: 6-9 mos Symptoms: decreased appetite, stunted growth, emaciation, muscle stiffness, may see economical losses due to poor feed efficiency and trimming of carcass at slaughter Detection: ? eggs laid by adult females pass out in urine 6-9 mos after infection, they may not be detected unless fecal material is contaminated by urine Adults: puple/red and cream |
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"Whipworm"
Swine Nematode |
Trichuris suis
Live in the cecum and Lg intest, where they are attached by threading their anterior ends though the mucosa. ~ 5 cm in length, consume blood and damage mucosa Life cycle: direct-eggs remain viable in soil for yrs. dont like to dry out (dessication) Symptoms: decreased appetite in young pigs resulting in STUNTED growth, bloody/watery diarrhea, occasional deaths Detect:FF/Cent |
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Ruminents
Cattle |
internanal parasite infections are widespread in all types of cattle.
more than 90% infected majority show no clinical signs complete eradication of internal parasites is immpossible and impracticle Losses from parasitic infections are primary due to subclinical signs |
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Cattle parasites show seasonal cycles due to...
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wide climate variation, contaminated pastures, poor management of pastures (stocking rate, no rotation, mixed ages, new animals, poor drainage, not putting up hay, not worked or grazed)
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Other contributing factors...
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change in diet, change in weather, change in statue (pg/lact, disease, transporting, working, use of other drugs, STRESS
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Parasites cost...
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$$$ in production animals, parasites never go away, need management
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"Stomach worm" "Cooper's worm"
Ruminants: Cattle/Sheep/Goats Nematode |
Cooperia
Small intestine LC: direct- feeds on the epithelial surface of the duodenum and consums blood, ingestion of infective larvae Symptoms: dec wt, poor growth, loss of appetite, scours Detect: FF/Cent Ova: thin shelled w/ multiple spheres packed full, more parallel blunt ends |
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"Bankrupt worm"
Ruminants Nematode |
Trichostrongylus sp
Abomasum & occasionally SI LC: Direct- adult worms may penetrate the lining of the abomasum, causing irritation. Wart like swellings may occur in these areas and cause diarrhea. Symptoms: poor appetite, wt loss or wasting, overall weakness and diarrhea Detection: FF/Cent Ova: oval w/ multiple spheres |
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"Twisted stomach worm" "wire worm" "barber pole worm"
Ruminants Nematode |
Haemonchus contortus
inhabits abomasum and sonsumes blood LC:direct Symptoms: unthrifty, wt loss, SUBMANDIBULAR edema "BOTTLE JAW" Detection: FF/Cent |
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"thread-necked" worm
Ruminants Nematode |
Nematodirus sp.
Inhabits the SI Life Cycle: Direct- ova very resistant, some actually require long periods of exposure to cold temps before they are able to hatch Symptoms: dec appetite and wt gain, loss in production, diarrhea and dehydration, death in lambs Detect: FF/ Cent Ova: Larg compared to others, slightly thickened at polar ends, not as many spheres For many yrs this parasite wasn't considered to be of significance, but recent evidence indicates otherwise. Larval damage lining the SI and produce acute diarrhea and dehydration |
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"Hookworm"
Ruminants Nematode |
Bunostomum sp.
Small intestine LC: direct- ingest or skin pen, consumes blood when attached to intest wall, bleeding continues even after the worms have finished feeding, blood loss considerable Symptoms: generalized edema, unthrifty condition, dec wt, pale mm, dark feces Detect; FF/ Cent Ova; thin wall containing spheres |
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"Brown Stomach worm:
Ruminants Nematode |
Ostertagia spp.
Abomasum LC: direct Symptoms: wt loss, appetite loss, *edema- "bottle jaw" and * watery scours Detection: FF/ Cent Ova: oval shape w/ multiple spheres Larvae in glands of abomasal wall cause irritation and erosion of cells. Presence results in poor digestion and gut inflammation for the host animal. The host animal is subject to loss of appetite and decreased food intake. Weight loss occurs and animals may loss up to 20 % of there body wt in 7-10 days. Death may follow |
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Strongyloides
Ruminents Nematode |
Already has little larva in it that busts out....see others for more
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Trichuris sp.
Ruminants Nematode |
Direct LC
See others |
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Protazoa
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one cell big and never get bigger
many different groups of protazoa live on many diff host tissues they will most likely be found in the lab in blood samples of fecal samples they have a complex life cycle |
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The most common protazoa are called
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coccidia
coccidioses is the result of invasion and desctrucion of they intestinal mucosa by parasitic protazoa Dogs and cats are often infected w/ coccidia |
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Isospora
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several species of isospora that may be observed on fecal exam in dogs and cats
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TX for coccidia
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includes the use of sulfas and amprolium. these drugs are not the same used for common dewormers
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Ruminents
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may also become infected w/ coccidia
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Eimeria
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there are several species of emeria commonly observed upon fecal exam of ruminants (tiny on 10 x)
The life stage commonly identified is Oocyst |
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Swine coccidia
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the protazoa that may cause infestation include 8 species of Eimeria and 1 specie of Isospora
They are transmitted through the injestion of infected feces Young pigs may exhibit clinical signs inclluding unthriftyness, weakness, diarrhea, and dehydration |
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Prevention
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Cleaning invironment is the best defense.
Anti-coccidials can also be used, especially in cases where infestations are likely to occur Preventative Tx are common for production animals and can be administered in feed or water |
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Cryptosporidium parumm
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one cell thick, parasites of the intestinal track of fish, reptiles, birds and mammals, can be an important parasite in calves. In last 6-7 yrs hundreds of human infections reported
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Cryptosporidiosis
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now recognized as an important opportunistic infection, especially in immunocompamised hosts. This parasite lives on surface of cells lining SI,
"Crypto" causes a short term infection Parasite is quite small, but can be obsered by Fecal exam |
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Toxoplasma gondii
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one cell thick
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Giardia sp.
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Parasitic protazoans
in the intestines of many animals..DOGS 2 stages: motile feeding stage in the intestines or cysts that pass in feces clincal signs: diarrhea, wt loss, listlessness, anarexia Dx: FRESH Fecal sample, watch for movements of trophozoites, may need several tests over 7-10 days due to sporadic shedding of cyts Tx: antiprotazoal drugs- metronidazole, Quinacrine |
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EPM
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Equine Protazoal Myelonencephalitis
The protazoa: Sarcocystis neurona Not transmitted horse to horse spread by the definiteve hose, opossum, which aquire the organism from birds Sporocysts are passed in the feces of the opossum Horse comes into contact w/ infective sporocycts from contaminated feed or water |
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Clinical signs of EPM
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ataxia, lameness, abnormal gait, weakness, incoordination, muscle atrophy, paralysis or muscles of eyes, face, mouth or ears, seizures or collapse
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DX of EPM
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blood and CSF analysis
blood test alone is inconclusive Spinal fluid best |
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TX of Epm
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supportive therapy?
new drug approval=marquism |
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Tape worm
Cestodes |
Dipylium canium
LC: Indirect Intermediate host: small mammal or insect (FLEA) most often tapeworms are noticed by detection of "proglottids", or segments in a stool sample. These segments are shed from the terminal part of the worm Segments are creamy white and appear as "rice like" grains in fresh fecal sample. The cranial end is called a scolex |
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The characteristic shapes of each species...
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may be discerned by dropping the segment into water. As they relax their morphology may be observed
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Common tapeworms in cats and dogs
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diplydium canium- fleas
taenia pissiformis Echinococcus spp |
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Taenia pisiformis
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Rabbits, mice!
Much smaller than round worm ova |
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"Northern cattle grub" or "Bomb fly"
Hostt: cattle, bison, rarely horse, human |
Adult=similar to bumble bee
LC: 1yr to complete, adult fly lays eggs on hair. Larva hatch in a week and penetrate skin. Larva migrate in SQ connective tissue toward diaphram to winter site. Larva resume migration in spring to cut hole in skin. Molt and emerge to drop to ground and pupate...fly emerges. Cattle...gad? horse..warble? |
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Cattle, bison, rarely horse, human
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LC: same as hypoderma bovis
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Cuterebra sp
Host: rodent, rabbit, canid, felid, human Aduilds: bumble bee like fly LC: adults lay eggs in area, larva hatch and penetrate skin of host, larva mature in a month SQ, Larva leave host and pupate on ground..hatch as fly |
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"Sheep ked"
Host: sheep or goat |
Adult: wingless fly
Life cycle: female attach larva to host where they pupate in hours 19-36 days as pupa engorged female can survive 8 days off host |
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Trematode
Cattle and sheep "Liver Fluke" |
Faciola hepatica
liver fluke of cattle and sheep Adults live in bile duct eggs are elongated ellipsoidal, tapering at both ends. Each has a thin, yellow wall with an idistinct operculum at one end and contains a mass of indistint cells. LC: eggs develop and hatch in water. The free swimming miracidia (L1) penetrate a snal and become sporocysts (L2) Sporocysts are elongate saclike bodies that produce rediae (L3). L3 produce many cercariae w/ tails (L4) that break out of the snail and enter the water. They attach to vegitation and encyst, becoming metacercariae. After these are ingested by the definitive host, the immature flukes encyst, penetrate the intestinal wall, and enter the liver, where they migrate for ~6wks. They ender the bile ducts and mature. Eggs are passed in feces about 8 wks after infection. Detect: FF/ bile ducts at necropsy |
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Fasciola hepatica
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Adult stage
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