Openstax Biology - Chapter 37 - Endocrine System

Front 1

acromegaly

Back 1

condition caused by overproduction of GH in adults

Front 2

Addison’s disease

Back 2

disorder caused by the hyposecretion of corticosteroids

Front 3

adenylate cyclase

Back 3

an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP

Front 4

adrenal cortex

Back 4

outer portion of adrenal glands that produces corticosteroids

Front 5

adrenal gland

Back 5

endocrine glands associated with the kidneys

Front 6

adrenal medulla

Back 6

inner portion of adrenal glands that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 7

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Back 7

hormone released by the anterior pituitary, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids during the long-term stress response; also known as ACTH

Front 8

aldosterone steroid

Back 8

hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that stimulates the reabsorption of Na+ from extracellular fluids and secretion of K+.

Front 9

alpha cell

Back 9

endocrine cell of the pancreatic islets that produces the hormone glucagon

Front 10

amino acid-derived hormone

Back 10

hormone derived from amino acids

Front 11

androgen

Back 11

male sex hormone such as testosterone

Front 12

anterior pituitary

Back 12

portion of the pituitary gland that produces six hormones; also called adenohypophysis

Front 13

antidiuretic hormone

Back 13

hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary that increases water reabsorption by the kidneys; also known as ADH

Front 14

atrial natriuretic peptide

Back 14

hormone produced by the heart to reduce blood volume, pressure, and Na+ concentration; also known as ANP

Front 15

beta cell

Back 15

endocrine cell of the pancreatic islets that produces the hormone insulin

Front 16

calcitonin

Back 16

hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland that functions to lower blood Ca2+ levels and promote bone growth

Front 17

colloid

Back 17

fluid inside the thyroid gland that contains the glycoprotein thyroglobulin

Front 18

corticosteroid

Back 18

hormone released by the adrenal cortex in response to long-term stress

Front 19

cortisol

Back 19

glucocorticoid produced in response to stress

Front 20

Cushing’s disease

Back 20

disorder caused by the hypersecretion of glucocorticoids

Front 21

diabetes insipidus

Back 21

disorder caused by underproduction of ADH

Front 22

diabetes mellitus

Back 22

disorder caused by low levels of insulin activity

Front 23

diabetogenic effect

Back 23

effect of GH that causes blood glucose levels to rise similar to diabetes mellitus

Front 24

down-regulation

Back 24

a decrease in the number of hormone receptors in response to increased hormone levels

Front 25

endocrine gland

Back 25

gland that secretes hormones into the surrounding interstitial fluid, which then diffuse into blood and are carried to various organs and tissues within the body

Front 26

epinephrine

Back 26

hormone released by the adrenal medulla in response to a short term stress

Front 27

erythropoietin

Back 27

hormone produced by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow; also known as EPO

Front 28

estrogens

Back 28

a group of steroid hormones, including estradiol and several others, that are produced by the ovaries and elicit secondary sex characteristics in females as well as control the maturation of the ova

Front 29

first messenger

Back 29

the hormone that binds to a plasma membrane hormone receptor to trigger a signal transduction pathway

Front 30

follicle-stimulating hormone

Back 30

hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates gamete production; also known as FSH

Front 31

G-protein

Back 31

a membrane protein activated by the hormone first messenger to activate formation of cyclic AMP

Front 32

gigantism

Back 32

condition caused by overproduction of GH in children

Front 33

glucagon

Back 33

hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas in response to low blood sugar; functions to raise blood sugar levels

Front 34

glucocorticoid

Back 34

corticosteroid that affects glucose metabolism

Front 35

gluconeogenesis

Back 35

synthesis of glucose from amino acids

Front 36

glucose-sparing effect

Back 36

effect of GH that causes tissues to use fatty acids instead of glucose as an energy source

Front 37

glycogenolysis

Back 37

breakdown of glycogen into glucose

Front 38

goiter

Back 38

enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by insufficient dietary iodine levels

Front 39

gonadotropin

Back 39

hormone that regulates the gonads, including FSH and LH

Front 40

growth hormone

Back 40

hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that promotes protein synthesis and body growth; also known as GH

Front 41

growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

Back 41

hormone produced by the hypothalamus that inhibits growth hormone production, also called somatostatin or GHIH

Front 42

growth hormone-releasing hormone

Back 42

hormone released by the hypothalamus that triggers the release of GH; also known as GHRH

Front 43

hormonal stimuli

Back 43

release of a hormone in response to another hormone

Front 44

hormone receptor

Back 44

the cellular protein that binds to a hormone

Front 45

humoral stimuli

Back 45

control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluids such as blood or the ion concentration in the blood

Front 46

hyperglycemia

Back 46

high blood sugar level

Front 47

hyperthyroidism

Back 47

overactivity of the thyroid gland

Front 48

hypoglycemia

Back 48

low blood sugar level

Front 49

hypophyseal portal system

Back 49

system of blood vessels that carries hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

Front 50

hypothyroidism

Back 50

underactivity of the thyroid gland

Front 51

insulin

Back 51

hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels; functions to lower blood glucose levels

Front 52

insulin-like growth factor

Back 52

growth-promoting protein produced by the liver; also known as IGF

Front 53

intracellular hormone receptor

Back 53

a hormone receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell

Front 54

islets of Langerhans

Back 54

endocrine cells of the pancreas; also known as pancreatic islets

Front 55

isthmus tissue

Back 55

mass that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland

Front 56

leptin r

Back 56

hormone produced by adipose tissue that promotes feelings of satiety and reduces hunge

Front 57

lipid-derived hormone

Back 57

hormone derived mostly from cholesterol

Front 58

mineralocorticoid

Back 58

corticosteroid that affects ion and water balance

Front 59

neural stimuli

Back 59

stimulation of endocrine glands by the nervous system

Front 60

norepinephrine

Back 60

hormone released by the adrenal medulla in response to a short-term stress hormone production by the gonads

Front 61

osmoreceptor

Back 61

receptor in the hypothalamus that monitors the concentration of electrolytes in the blood

Front 62

oxytocin

Back 62

hormone released by the posterior pituitary to stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth and milk let-down in the mammary glands

Front 63

pancreas

Back 63

organ located between the stomach and the small intestine that contains exocrine and endocrine cells

Front 64

parafollicular cell

Back 64

thyroid cell that produces the hormone calcitonin

Front 65

parathyroid gland

Back 65

gland located on the surface of the thyroid that produces parathyroid hormone

Front 66

parathyroid hormone

Back 66

hormone produced by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood Ca2+ levels; functions to raise blood Ca2+ levels; also known as PTH

Front 67

peptide hormone

Back 67

hormone composed of a polypeptide chain

Front 68

phosphodiesterase

Back 68

enzyme that deactivates cAMP, stopping hormone activity; also known as PDE

Front 69

pituitary dwarfism

Back 69

condition caused by underproduction of GH in children

Front 70

pituitary gland

Back 70

endocrine gland located at the base of the brain composed of an anterior and posterior region; also called hypophysis

Front 71

pituitary stalk

Back 71

stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus; also known as infundibulum

Front 72

plasma membrane

Back 72

hormone receptor a hormone receptor on the surface of the plasma membrane of a cell

Front 73

posterior pituitary

Back 73

extension of the brain that releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus; along with the infundibulum, it is also referred to as the neurohypophysis

Front 74

prolactin

Back 74

hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates milk production; also known as PRL

Front 75

prolactin-inhibiting hormone

Back 75

hormone produced by the hypothalamus that inhibits the release of prolactin

Front 76

prolactin-releasing hormone

Back 76

hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of prolactin

Front 77

renin

Back 77

enzyme produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys that reacts with angiotensinogen to cause the release of aldosterone

Front 78

thymus

Back 78

gland located behind the sternum that produces thymosin hormones that contribute to the development of the immune system

Front 79

thyroglobulin

Back 79

glycoprotein found in the thyroid that is converted into thyroid hormone

Front 80

thyroid gland

Back 80

endocrine gland located in the neck that produces thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Front 81

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Back 81

hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that controls the release of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland; also known as TSH

Front 82

thyroxine

Back 82

thyroid hormone that controls the basal metabolic rate; also known as tetraiodothyronine or T4

Front 83

triiodothyronine

Back 83

thyroid hormone that controls the basal metabolic rate; also known as T3

Front 84

up-regulation

Back 84

an increase in the number of hormone receptors in response to increased hormone levels