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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the factors that influence the onset of puberty? |
- Genetics - Environmental factors (health, nutrition, home environment) |
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What are the different eating disorders? |
Anorexia Nervosa: Dramatic and severe self-induced weight loss, found mostly among young women Bulimia: A pattern of binge eating and extreme weight loss measures, such as self-induced vomiting, found mostly among young women Binge Eating Disorder: A pattern of binge eating that is not accompanied by drastic attempts to lose weight |
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What are the effects of early and late puberty timing on boys? |
Early Puberty: - Higher self-esteem + self-confidence - More popular - More likely to be effected by bullying - More likely to engage in problem behaviors - More emotional difficulties (temper tantrums, depression) Late Puberty: - Higher intellectual curiosity - Higher exploratory behavior - Higher social initiative |
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What are the effects of early and late puberty timing on girls? |
Early Puberty: - Harder on girls then on boys - Higher emotional arousal + more emotional difficulties (self-image, depression, anxiety) - More popular, but more likely the victim of gossip + rumors - More likely to engage in problem behaviors |
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Define: Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis Secular Trend Adolescent Growth Spurt |
HPG Axis: The neuropsychological pathway (feedback loop) involving the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland + the gonads Secular Trend: The tendency over the last 2 centuries for individuals to be larger in stature and to begin puberty earlier, likely due to improvements in health + nutrition Adolescent Growth Spurt: The drastic changes in height and weight that occur during puberty |
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What are some cognitive advantages that adolescents have over children? |
- Hypothetical thinking - Abstract thinking - Metacognition - Multidimensional thinking - Relative (vs. absolute) thinking |
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What is deductive reasoning? Give an example |
Deductive Reasoning: The ability draw logically necessary conclusions from a set of premises Ex: If a=b and b=c then a=c |
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What is hypothetical thinking? What are some of the elements needed to hypothesize effectively? |
Hypothetical Thinking: The ability to imagine a scenario that does not actually exist, but theoretically could Elements Needed: - Seeing beyond what is directly observable - Applying logical reasoning to anticipate what might happen |
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How may hypothetical thinking impact social relations? |
- Allows one to consider the thoughts and feelings of others as separate from one's own - Helps in formulating and arguing a viewpoint - Helps decision making (planning ahead, foreseeing consequences) |
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What are the 2 distinct problems that result from adolescent egocentrism? |
Imaginary Audience: The belief that everyone is constantly watching and evaluating one's behavior, often brought on by the heightened self-consciousness of early adolescence Personal Fable: The belief that one is unique and therefore not subject to the rules that govern other people's behavior |
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What is adolescent relativism? What is its likely impact on adolescents' relationships with their parents? |
Adolescent Relativism: The ability to see things as relative rather then as absolute; questioning assertions + less willingness to accept facts as absolute truths; skepticism Topics and values presented by parents that were once blindly accepted by children are questioned and challenged, sometimes just for the sake of questioning them, which is likely to create more of a divide between adolescents and their parents |
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What are the 4 stages of cognitive development from a Piagetian view, and what age ranges do they span? |
1. Sensorimotor Period: Birth through age 2 2. Preoperational Period: Ages 2-5 3. Concrete Operations: Ages 6 through early adolescence 4. Formal Operations: Early adolescence through adulthood Each stage is characterized by a particular type of thinking, which improves upon those of earlier stages |
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How is the information processing perspective different from Piaget's view? |
Piaget viewed adolescent thinking as a whole, characterized by one overarching concept that is slowly improved upon The information processing perspective instead focuses on the specific abilities that improve throughout adolescence. These include: - Attention - Memory - Speed - Organization - Metacognition |
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Define: Metacognition Selective Attention Divided Attention Working Memory Long-Term Memory Autobiographical Memory |
Metacognition: The ability to think about the process of thinking Selective Attention: The ability to focus on one stimuli while consciously not focusing on another Divided Attention: The ability to focus on 2 or more stimuli at once Working Memory: The aspect of memory in which information is held for a short time while a problem is being solved Long-Term Memory: The ability to recall something from a long time ago Autobiographical Memory: The recall of personally meaningful past events |
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Define: Synapse Neurotransmitter |
Synapse: The space between neurons, across which neurotransmitters carry electrical impulses Neurotransmitter: Specialized chemicals that carry electrical impulses between neurons |
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Why is myelination important? |
Myelination improves the efficiency/speed of information processing |
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Is there any relationship between synaptic growth/pruning and intelligence? |
Yes, relatively intelligent adolescents tend to show more dramatic + longer periods of synapse growth before puberty, and more dramatic pruning after |
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What are 2 important changes that take place in brain functioning among adolescents? |
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Give 2 examples of intelligence tests. |
- The Stanford-Binet - The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) - The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WISC-III) |
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What is Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence? What are the 3 kinds of intelligence he proposes and how are they different from one another? |
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence: - Componential Intelligence: The ability to acquire, process + store information - Experiential Intelligence: The ability to use insight + creativity - Contextual Intelligence: The ability to think practically |
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What is Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences? |
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences: - Verbal - Mathematical - Spatial - Kinesthetic - Self-Reflective - Interpersonal - Musical |
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How is Vygotsky's theory of intelligence different from Sternberg's and Gardner's? |
Vygotsky's theory focuses less on the aspects of intelligence and more on the environment in which adolescents develop |
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What is the Zone of Proximal Development? How can Scaffolding play a role? |
Zone of Proximal Development: The level of challenge that is within an individual's reach but forces them to develop more advanced skills Scaffolding: Structuring a learning situation so it is just within the grasp of a student, this essentially puts them into the Zone of Proximal Development |
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Define: Social Cognition Mentalizing Theory of Mind Behavioral Decision Theory |
Social Cognition: The aspect of cognition that concerns thinking about other people Mentalizing: The ability to understand someone else's mental state Theory of Mind: The theory that other's have knowledge, intentions + beliefs that may be different from one's own Behavioral Decision Theory: A theory of adolescent risk-taking in which behaviors are the outcomes of systematic decision-making processes (cost-benefit analyses) |
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Define: Social Redefinition Age of Majority |
Social Redefinition: The process through which an individual's position or status is redefined by society Age of Majority: The designated age at which an individual is considered an adult |
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What is the Inventionist view on adolescence? |
- Adolescence is more a social convention then a biological or cognitive phenomenon - Adolescence as we know it today did not really exist until the Industrial Revolution of the mid 19th century - Before then, children were essentially treated as miniature adults |
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What do we mean when we say adolescence has been elongated today |
Puberty begins earlier and ends later |
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Define emerging adulthood. What are 5 main features of this period? Is it universal? |
Emerging Adulthood: A proposed new stage in life between adolescence and adulthood Main Features: - The exploration of possible identities before making enduring choices - Instability in work, romantic relationships + living arrangements - A focus on oneself + on functioning as an independent person - The subjective feeling of being between adolescence and adulthood - The subjective sense that life holds many possibilities Is it Universal? - No, it only exists in a few cultures, and even in those cultures it can be found it varies among 20 year-olds |
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Explain some features of the process of social redefinition |
- Real or symbolic separation from parents - An emphasis on differences between the sexes - The passing on of information from the older generation |
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Define: Continuous Transitions Discontinuous Transitions |
Continuous Transitions: Passages into adulthood in which adult roles + statuses are entered into gradually Discontinuous Transitions: Passages into adulthood in which adult roles + statuses are entered into abruptly |
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What could be a possible explanation for the association between the "Americanization" of immigrant adolescents and increased problem behaviors such as smoking + drinking? |
When adolescents from immigrant families become "Americanized" it may result in family conflict and increased distance within the family, leading in turn to more problem behaviors |
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How can poverty impact the transition into adulthood? What can be done to ease this transition? |
Poverty is often associated with failure in school, unemployment + out-of-wedlock pregnancy, all of which contribute to transitional difficulties |
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How do neighborhood conditions shape adolescent development |
- Influencing the the sorts of norms to which adolescents are exposed - Altering the nature of interpersonal relationships inside + outside the family - Facilitating or limiting adolescents' access to economic + institutional resources |
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Define Collective Efficacy. How might neighborhood conditions impact it? |
Collective Efficacy: A community's social capital, derived from its members' common values + goals
Poverty in neighborhoods reduces trust among its inhabitants as well as reliance on each other to monitor activities of the community's youth, allowing deviant peer groups to form |
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How might neighborhood conditions impact the quality of interpersonal relationships? |
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Define: Self-Fullfilling Prophecy Familism Generational Dissonance |
Self-Fullfilling Prophecy: The idea that individuals' behavior is influences by others' expectations for them Familism: An orientation towards life in which the needs one's family take precedence over the needs of the individual Generational Dissonance: Divergence of views between adolescents and parents that is common in families of immigrant parents and American-born adolescents |
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How well are we able to explain parent-adolescent relations using the theory of generation gap? |
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How does adolescence impact family relationships in general? |
- Adolescents become more removed from the family, spending most time with peers - Conflicts between parents and adolescents emerge, but mostly over mundane, day-to-day issues (clothing, curfew) rather then major values or priorities |
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How does adolescence impact family relationships among immigrant families? |
Parents are likely to cling to views from home countries, while adolescents' views are more adapted to American life |
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What are the 2 aspects of parents' behavior toward adolescents pointed out by Baumrind that are critical? |
Parental Responsiveness: The degree to which the parent responds to the child's needs in an accepting, supportive manner Parental Demandingness: The degree to which the parent expects + insists on mature, responsible behavior from the child |
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What are the 4 major parenting styles? |
Authoritative Parents: Parents who use warmth, firm control + rational, issue-oriented discipline, in which emphasis is placed on the development of self-direction Authoritarian Parents: Parents who use punitive, absolute + forceful discipline + who place a premium on obedience + conformity Indulgent Parents: Parents who are characterized by responsiveness but low demandingness, and who are mainly concerned with the child happiness Indifferent Parents: Parents who are characterized by low levels of both responsiveness + demandingness |
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How do authoritative parents influence adolescent behavior? Give a few reasons why this style is linked with positive outcomes. |
- Provides an appropriate balance between restrictiveness + autonomy, giving them opportunities to develop self-reliance while still providing some limits - More likely to engage their children in verbal give-and-take, which promotes the kind of intellectual development that acts as a foundation for the development of psychosocial maturity - Based on a warm parent-child relationship, which causes adolescents to identify with, admire + build stronger attachments with their parents - Allows the child's own behavior, temperament + personality to shape parental practices |
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Define: Sibling Rivalry Sibling Deidentification |
Sibling Rivalry: Competition between siblings, often for parental attention Sibling Deidentification: The process through which siblings deliberately try to be different from each other |
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What are some of the short + long-term effects of parental divorce on adolescents? |
Short-Term Effects: - Long-Term Effects: - |
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Define Age Grading |
Age Grading: The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age |
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How are crowds different from cliques? |
Crowds: Large, loosely identified groups of young people, composed of several cliques + typically organized around a common shared activity |
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How do crowds impact adolescent behavior? |
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What is the structure + function of cliques? |
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What are the consequences of rejection, victimization + harassment? |
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What are the 3 kinds of unpopular adolescents? |
- Aggressive - Withdrawn - Aggressive + Withdrawn |
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Define Cyberbullying What are the 4 types of victims it can create? |
Cyberbullying: Bullying that occurs over the internet or via cell phone Types of Victims: - Passive (ignoring or walking away) - Aggressive (fighting back physically or verbally) - Support-seeking (telling an authority figure) - Undifferentiated (a little of everything) |
