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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Identity? |
changes in the way we see and feel about ourselves occur throughout the life span. |
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What does identity mean for adolescence? |
marks the first restructuring of ones sense of self at a time when he/she has the intellectual capacity to appreciate the significance of these changes. |
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what are the physical changes that impact identity? |
-appearance -self-esteem -relationship with others |
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what are the cognitive changes the impact identity? |
-imagine possible selves -develop a future orientation -consider various identities |
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what are the social changes that impact identity? |
-present new choices and decisions -affect self-conception, self-esteem, and sense of identity |
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What concepts fall under self understanding? |
self-concept, self-esteem, and personality |
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what concepts fall under identity development? |
psychosocial moratorium, identity achievement, diffusion, foreclosure, and negative identity. |
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What are the 8 domains of competence described by Susan Harter? |
1. Physical appearance 2. Scholastic competence 3. Behavioral conduct 4. Athletic competence 5. Close friendship 6. Social Acceptance 7. Romantic Appeal 8. Job competence |
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Self- conception? |
the way individuals think about and characterize themselves themselves (traits and attributes) |
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what is self conception like in adolesence? |
more complex, abstract self conceptions develop. |
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differentiated self concept? |
-Actual Self- who adolescence really is. -Ideal Self- who adol. would like to be. -Feared Self- who adol. doesn't want to become. |
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Self-esteem? |
How an individual feels about him or herself. |
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what do we know about adol. self esteem? |
-fluctuates in early adol. (12-14) -more stable in older adol. -gender differences |
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What are gender differences in self esteem? |
-early adol. white girls most at risk -physical appearance most affects self esteem |
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what is self-esteem related to across the board? |
-parental approval -peer support -success in school |
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What are the big 5 critical personality dimensions? |
1. extraversion (outgoing and energetic) 2. agreeableness (kind or sympathetic) 3. conscientiousness (responsible and organized) 4. Neuroticism (anxious or tense) 5. Openness to experience (curious or imaginative) |
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what are resilient, competent, adol. like as children? |
-well adjusted -not a time of rebirth for personality, most traits are stable during adol. |
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What is Erikson's Identity vs. Identity Diffusion Stage? |
- person goes through 8 stages, where conflicts must be resolved.
- main crisis of adol.- est. a sense of identity -key to resolution: social interactions with people who matter-parents, teachers, friends, etc. -reactions of others=forms identity (social and mental processes) -search for ID- full blown crisis or manageble challenge. |
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Psychosocial Moratorium? |
-time out from excessive responsibilities and obligations, in order for adol. to pursue self discovery -experiment different roles -college can provide -not all adol. get this opportunity. |
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Problems with ID development? |
-identity diffusion -identity foreclosure -negative identity |
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identity diffusion? |
-incoherent, disjointed, incomplete sense of self -struggles to come to grips with his/her id |
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identity foreclosure? |
-bypassing the period of exploration and experimentation on the journey to establishing a healthy identity. |
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negative identity? |
-adopts an identity that is undesirable to parents or the community. |
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identity achievement? |
-becomes comfortable with self and knows where he/she is going -teens-early 20's -lengthy -never gained or maintained once and for all. -culminates in a series of life events: occupational, idealogical, social, religious, ethical, and sexual. |
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Which model supports identity development? |
-Erikson's- although ID achievement usually occurs in late teens and early 20's |
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how can you determine an adol. ID status? |
-degree of commitment -degree of exploration or crisis |
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Independence? |
an individuals capacity to behave on his/her own |
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What are the components of autonomy? |
-Emotional- feeling separate from parents -behavioral- growth of independent decision making -Cognitive- developing personal beliefs and values. |
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Emotional independence? |
-comes from relationships with others and parents, especially. |
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detachment? |
rebellious separation from parents, no longer viewed as normal. |
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individuation? |
gradual process of adol. taking responsibility for self, viewed as typical because they: -de-idealize parents, see them as people -depend on themselves, rather than on parents, for assistance |
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what is healthy individuation fostered by? |
-close family relationships (not distant) -enabling parents (not constraining) -authoratative families (not authoritarian, indulgent, or indifferent). |
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What are the 3 areas of maturity development for behavioral autonomy? |
1. Decision making abilities 2. susceptibility to influence of others 3. feelings of self reliance |
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Decision making abilities? |
-can consider alternatives and consequences -seek advice from appropriate sources |
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what do older adol. show more sophisticated abilities decision making skills? |
-awareness of risk -considering future consequences -turning to a consultant -recognizing vested interests |
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Susceptibility to influence of others? |
-conformity to peers is higher during early and middle adol. -peers- influence day to day matters- dress, music, social matters -parents- influence long term issues and basic values- career plans, ethics, religion |
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feelings of self reliance? |
-increases steadily over adol. years -adol. who have a stronger sense of self reliance report having: higher self esteem and fewer behavior problems -increases throughout adol. |
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Cognitive/Value Autonomy? |
-development of independent beliefs, morals, and values -during adol. beliefs become: -more abstract, principled, and internal -greatly influence -occurs later than other two types (18-20) -three areas: moral, political, and religious |
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Moral development? |
how individuals think about moral dilemmas and make moral judgements |
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Kholberg's Theory? |
-used morally challenging stories (Heinz) -more interested in the reasoning behind peoples explanations than whether to answer was right of wrong -involves three levels of moral reasoning |
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3 Levels of Moral Reasoning? |
1. Preconventional Moral Reasoning 2. Conventional Moral reasoning 3. post conventional moral reasoning |
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Pre-conventional? |
worry about punishment and reward, dominant during most of childhood. |
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Conventional? |
following societal rules and norms, emerges in adol., most adol. and adults think this way |
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Post conventional? |
most abstract and advanced, sometimes rules should be questioned, emerges in late adol. and adulthood, rare. |
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Political and Religious Thinking? |
-more abstract -less authoritarian -more principled |
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intimacy? |
emotional attachment between two people characterized by concern for each other, willingness to share private info., and sharing of common interests and activities. -does not have a sexual or physical connotation. |
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why is the development of intimacy especially important adol.? |
-important across lifespan (adulthood-beneficial to health) -adol. is first time at which truly intimate relationships emerge-openess, honesty, self disclosure, and trust -changing nature of adol. social world- increasing importance of peers and opposite sex. -biological change- puberty causes interest. -advanced cognitive skills- able to understand, empathize, and communicate. |
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Characteristic of friendship in childhood? |
-usually based on common interests and activities -friend is someone who likes to do the same things as you. |
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characteristics of friendship in adol.? |
-focus on concerns like honesty, and self disclosure - friend is someone who knows and understands you. |
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Targets of intimacy? |
-Parents- declines during early and mid adol. and intimacy increases in later adol. -peers- intimacy increases - opposite sex- intimacy increases in later adol. , and even though they are important parents remain important. |
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Erikson's Theory of Adol. Intimacy? |
- adol. is time for figuring out who you are and what you can become (ID vs. ID diffusion) -once this is handled, then capable of having intimate relationship (intimacy vs. isolation) in late adol. -key: identity before intimacy |
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Sullivan's Theory of Interpersonal Development? |
-need for intimacy emerges in pre-adol. and is typically satisfied through same sex frienships. -during adol. this need is integrated with sexual impulses and desires, focus is redirected toward opposite sex peers. - main challenge: integration an already est. need for intimacy with an emerging need for sexual contact in a way that does not cause great anxiety. -Key: intimacy precedes identity |
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Studies say what? |
-no clear support for one theory over the other -individuals follow different developmental routes -intimacy more a concern for girls than boys, therefore Sullivan's theory may apply more to girls and Erikson's to boys -conclusion: development of intimacy and identity go hand in hand, changes in one affect the other. |
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Development of intimacy? |
-capacity for intimacy grows during adol. - intimacy with parents decreases -intimacy with friends increases -intimacy with parents still important -adol. more intimate with mothers than fathers. -intimacy with opposite sex peers develops later in adol., leads to dating. |
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Dating? |
-in adol. is a relationship in which girls express intimacy and boys learn about it. -majority of young adol. have superficial rather than genuine relations (little self disclosure and closeness) - later adol.- more intimate relationships (emotional depth and maturity). |
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impact of dating? |
-serious dating before 15 years, has a stunting effect on psychosocial development -adol. girls who do not date at all show- delayed social development -moderate dating and not serious, 15 or older is best. -break up- most common trigger of first episode of major depression -dating violence can happen |
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Quality of adol. relationships is correlated with... |
good at home and good with friends |
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early experiences in family influence... |
later relationships with friends and romantic partners (good or bad_ |
