Ob Midterm

Front 1

(Ch.1) Organizations are collective entities that consist of human beings, not necessarily employees.

A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Back 1

TRUE

Front 2

(Ch.1) Knowledge acquisition includes extracting information and ideas from the external environment as well as through insight.

A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Back 2

TRUE

Front 3

(Ch.1) Smaller markets, increased costs, and greater access to knowledge and innovation are the typical characteristics of globalization.

A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Back 3

FALSE

Front 4

(Ch.1) Organizations are considered effective when:

A) they do not have many internal subsystems.
B) they use moderate work practices.
C) they have a good fit with their external environment.
D) its members can function independent of each other.
E) they dominate the external environment.

Back 4

C) they have a good fit with their external environment.

Front 5

(Ch.1) Which of the following statements supports the open systems perspective of organizational effectiveness?

A) The most important characteristic of an organization is its ability to function as a self-servicing unit.
B) Organizations are like complex organisms that live within an external environment.
C) Organizations are independent systems that produce absolute products/services.
D) Knowledge is the most important driver of competitive advantage and organizational success.
E) Organizations are single-level systems rather than complex multi-level systems.

Back 5

B) Organizations are like complex organisms that live within an external environment.

Front 6

(Ch.1) Which of the following is an example of knowledge use?

A) Sensemaking
B) Communication
C) Training
D) Grafting
E) Experimentation

Back 6

A) Sensemaking

Front 7

(Ch.1) Which of the following is a major criticism of high-performance work practices perspective of organizational effectiveness?

A) It can satisfy shareholder and customer needs at the expense of employee well-being.
B) High-performance work practices could result in reduced organizational profitability.
C) It will be highly ineffective for small and medium sized organizations.
D) High-performance work practices have a profit orientation rather than sales orientation.
E) It does not give due importance to the competitive advantage obtained through human capital.

Back 7

A) It can satisfy shareholder and customer needs at the expense of employee well-being.

Front 8

(Ch.1) Foreign exchange traders make decisions and take actions to exchange currencies. Which of the following individual behaviors is displayed here?

A) Maintenance
B) Organizational citizenship
C) Task performance
D) Sustenance
E) Enhancement

Back 8

B) Organizational citizenship

Front 9

(Ch.1) Which of the following differences between individuals provide an example of deep-level diversity?

A) Racial differences
B) Differences in ethnic backgrounds
C) Differences in physical abilities
D) Age differences
E) Differences in the mind-set

Back 9

A) Racial differences

Front 10

(Ch.1) Which of the following anchors of organizational behavior knowledge advocates the use of evidence-based management?

A) Multidisciplinary
B) Systematic research
C) Learning orientation
D) Contingency
E) Multiple levels of analysis

Back 10

B) Systematic research

Front 11

(Ch.2) Extraverts get their energy from the outer world and introverts lack the necessary social skills.

A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Back 11

B) FALSE

Front 12

(Ch.2) Individuals with more of an internal locus of control believe aspects such as fate, luck, or conditions in the environment influence their life's outcomes.

A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Back 12

B) FALSE

Front 13

(Ch.2) Self-enhancement includes the value categories of pursuit of personal success and dominance over others.

A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Back 13

A) TRUE

Front 14

(Ch.2) An employee's direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior can be attributed to his/her:

A) motivation.
B) skills.
C) aptitudes.
D) competencies.
E) role perceptions.

Back 14

A) motivation.

Front 15

(Ch.2) Which of the following is a characteristic of people with high levels of anxiety, hostility, depression, and self-consciousness?
A) High openness to experience
B) High neuroticism
C) Low openness to experience
D) Low neuroticism
E) High conscientiousness

Back 15

B) High neuroticism

Front 16

(Ch.2) Which of the following theories/models is measured through the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?
A) Social identity theory
B) Five-factor model
C) Jungian personality theory
D) Schwartz's model
E) MARS model

Back 16

C) Jungian personality theory

Front 17

(Ch.2) An average employee tend to rate herself above average and recalls only the positive feedback while forgetting negative feedback. She attributes her failures to external forces. These behaviors relate to:
A) high self-efficacy.
B) internal locus of control.
C) low self-esteem.
D) high self-enhancement.
E) high self-esteem.

Back 17

D) high self-enhancement.

Front 18

(Ch.2) Which of the following concepts includes the values of benevolence and universalism?
A) Personal identity
B) Openness to change
C) Self-transcendence
D) Locus of control
E) Self-Efficacy

Back 18

C) Self-transcendence

Front 19

(Ch.2) Individualism is the extent to which we value:
A) personal harmony and feelings of others.
B) structured situations and clarity at work.
C) equal distribution of authority in the society.
D) the acquisition of money and personal goods.
E) independence and personal uniqueness.

Back 19

E) independence and personal uniqueness.

Front 20

(Ch.1) An interviewer asks a respondent about the chance that he/she will actually perform an action. Which of the following factors that influence the moral intensity of an issue is being tested here by the interviewer?
A) Magnitude of consequences
B) Probability of effect
C) Temporal immediacy
D) Proximity
E) Concentration of effect

Back 20

B) Probability of effect

Front 21

(Ch.3) Stereotyping is an extension of social identity theory and a product of our natural process of organizing information through categorical thinking.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Back 21

A) TRUE

Front 22

(Ch.3) In the Johari Window, the hidden area includes information about you that is unknown, both to you and others.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Back 22

B) FALSE

Front 23

(Ch.3) The most effective reinforcement schedule for learning new tasks is continuous reinforcement.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Back 23

A) TRUE

Front 24

(Ch.3) People often fail to perceive statements and events that undermine political parties that they support. Which of the following concepts best explains this phenomenon?
A) Stereotyping
B) Confirmation bias
C) Cognitive dissonance
D) Social identity
E) Categorical thinking

Back 24

B) Confirmation bias

Front 25

(Ch.3) Individuals have the tendency to see the person rather than the situation as the main cause of that person's behavior. Which of the following concepts represent this tendency?
A) Fundamental attribution error
B) Self-serving bias
C) Halo effect
D) Primacy effect
E) Recency effect

Back 25

A) Fundamental attribution error

Front 26

(Ch.3) An organization wants to make increase the self-awareness of employees. They are planning to explore the information that is known neither to the employees nor to their colleagues. Which of the following places in the Johari Window would provide this information?
A) Dark
B) Hidden
C) Unknown
D) Blind
E) Open

Back 26

C) Unknown

Front 27

(Ch.3) Which of the following statements is most closely associated with the contact hypothesis?
A) Self-awareness and mutual understanding improve through meaningful interaction.
B) Cognitive dissonance reduces the organizational productivity and performance.
C) Rare events are more likely to get noticed than the common events in an organization.
D) Conflicts are most common among employees who are in constant contact with each other.
E) Internal conflicts are more severe in organizations than external conflicts.

Back 27

A) Self-awareness and mutual understanding improve through meaningful interaction.

Front 28

(Ch.3) Which of the following is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of a person's interaction with the environment?
A) Feedback
B) Learning
C) Cognition
D) Emotion
E) Perception

Back 28

B) Learning

Front 29

(Ch.3) Positive reinforcement occurs when:
A) avoidance of a consequence maintains the frequency of a specific behavior.
B) a consequence decreases the frequency or future probability of a behavior.
C) no consequence follows the target behavior.
D) avoidance of a consequence increases the future probability of a specific behavior.
E) the introduction of a consequence increases the frequency of a specific behavior.

Back 29

E) the introduction of a consequence increases the frequency of a specific behavior.

Front 30

(Ch.3) _____ occurs when the removal or avoidance of a consequence increases or maintains the frequency or future probability of a specific behavior.
A) Positive reinforcement
B) Punishment
C) Negative reinforcement
D) Extinction
E) Self-reinforcement

Back 30

C) Negative reinforcement

Front 31

(Ch.4) Self-management is the lowest level of EI because it is a prerequisite for the other three dimensions but does not require the other dimensions.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Back 31

B) FALSE

Front 32

(Ch.4) Continuance commitment of employees is a significant competitive advantage to organizations.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Back 32

B) FALSE

Front 33

(Ch.4) Electronics retailer Best Buy has become a role model in work/life balance by giving employees very flexible work hours through its results-only work environment (ROWE) initiative. Here, the company reduced stress by removing the stressor.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Back 33

A) TRUE

Front 34

(Ch.4) Upon hearing that your company will merge with another organization, you might become motivated to look for a job elsewhere. This is an example of:
A) specific behavior.
B) belief.
C) intention.
D) emotional influence.
E) feeling.

Back 34

C) intention.

Front 35

(Ch.4) Which of the following is a conflict that occurs as a result of engaging in emotional labor?
A) Cognitive Dissonance
B) Organizational comprehension
C) General adaptation syndrome
D) Low Task Control
E) Emotional Dissonance

Back 35

E) Emotional Dissonance

Front 36

(Ch.4) _____ refers to the ability, represented by empathy, to perceive and understand the emotions of other people.
A) Self-awareness
B) Self-management
C) Social awareness
D) Organizational comprehension
E) Emotional dissonance

Back 36

C) Social awareness

Front 37

(Ch.4) According to the EVLN model, which of the following refers to an attempt to change, rather than escape from, a dissatisfying situation?
A) Voice
B) Effort
C) Conflict
D) Loyalty
E) Neglect

Back 37

A) Voice

Front 38

(Ch.4) Which of the following comments from an employee is an indication that he or she has a continuance commitment towards the organization?
A) I am looking forward to have an extended career in this company.
B) I hate this place but can't afford to quit.
C) It is really nice to work for this company.
D) I am not satisfied with the work that I am doing.
E) I am not satisfied with the compensation that I receive.

Back 38

B) I hate this place but can't afford to quit.

Front 39

(Ch.4) Which of the following terms refers to the environmental conditions that place a physical or emotional demand on a person?
A) Alarm reactions
B) Emotional dissonances
C) Cognitive dissonances
D) Stressors
E) Noises

Back 39

D) Stressors

Front 40

(Ch.4) Job sharing is a technique used to manage work-related stress. Job sharing reduces stress by:
A) removing the stressor.
B) withdrawing from the stressor.
C) change stress perceptions.
D) controlling stress consequences.
E) receiving social support.

Back 40

A) removing the stressor.

Front 41

(Ch.5) Self-actualization is known as a growth need because it continues to develop even when fulfilled.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Back 41

A) TRUE

Front 42

(Ch.5) Employees put more effort into a task when they work toward generic goals rather than specific objectives.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Back 42

B) FALSE

Front 43

(Ch.5) Job specialization would always result in increased work quality as the employees gain enormous experience through specialization.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Back 43

B) FALSE

Front 44

(Ch.5) According to Abraham Maslow, a(n) _____ is the need best identified as the need for affection, love, and interaction with others.
A) esteem need
B) self-actualization need
C) belongingness need
D) self-fulfillment need
E) psychological need

Back 44

C) belongingness need

Front 45

(Ch.5) The need for _____ is best identified as being the need in which people want to control their environment, including people and material resources, to either benefit themselves or others.
A) affiliation
B) power
C) satisfaction
D) learning
E) achievement

Back 45

B) power

Front 46

(Ch.5) _____ is the drive to form social relationships and develop mutual caring commitments with others.
A) Drive to bond
B) Drive to acquire
C) Drive to learn
D) Drive to defend
E) Drive to belong

Back 46

A) Drive to bond

Front 47

(Ch.5) The motivation theory based on the idea that work effort is directed toward behaviors that people believe will lead to desired outcomes is known as:
A) four-drive theory.
B) expectancy theory.
C) theory of motivation.
D) Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
E) performance-motivation theory.

Back 47

B) expectancy theory.

Front 48

(Ch.5) Identify the theory that suggests employee motivation is dependent on the comparisons made by employees on what other people contribute to and receive from the organization.
A) Need theory
B) Goal setting theory
C) Expectancy theory
D) Needs-based theory
E) Equity theory

Back 48

E) Equity theory

Front 49

(Ch.5) Some employees who work for large software firms complain that they develop codes for small modules and hence do not get a holistic view of the projects. This kind of de-motivation is caused due to low:
A) task identity.
B) task significance.
C) skill variety.
D) autonomy.
E) job feedback.

Back 49

A) task identity.

Front 50

(Ch.5) Which of the following conditions would help employees achieve a high degree of empowerment?
A) Low degree of autonomy
B) Low level of task identity
C) Low level of task significance
D) Minimal bureaucratic control
E) Low degree of feedback

Back 50

D) Minimal bureaucratic control

Front 51

(Ch.6) People occasionally block out bad news and their brain refuses to see information that threatens their self-concept. This phenomenon is referred to as perceptual defense.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Back 51

A) TRUE

Front 52

(Ch.6) At the lowest level of employee involvement employees do not make recommendations and might not even know what the problem is.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Back 52

A) TRUE

Front 53

(Ch.6) Insight refers to long lasting information which remains in the memory with very little need for documentation.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE

Back 53

B) FALSE

Front 54

(Ch.6) Which statement best describes decision-making?
A) It is the subconscious process of choosing alternatives.
B) The role of organizational decision-making is not supportive of creativity.
C) It is a conscious process of making choices among one or more alternatives with the intention of moving forward toward some desired state of affairs.
D) It involves talking to ourselves about our own thoughts or actions for the purpose of choosing an alternative.
E) Effective decision-making should involve structural process rather than creative ways of thinking.

Back 54

C) It is a conscious process of making choices among one or more alternatives with the intention of moving forward toward some desired state of affairs.

Front 55

(Ch.6) Processing limited and imperfect information and satisficing rather than maximizing when choosing among alternatives best describes the _____ idea of decision making.
A) non-programmed decision rule
B) imperfect decision making
C) bounded rationality
D) information processing
E) opportunity identification

Back 55

C) bounded rationality

Front 56

(Ch.6) Sally is selecting a new computer system for her office. She only conducted a very brief examination of new brands and then decided to go with the same brand as her old system. Sally felt there simply could not be another brand superior to her "tried and true" one. This decision making problem is most associated with _____.
A) satisficing
B) rational selection
C) intuition
D) scenario planning
E) bounded rationality

Back 56

A) satisficing

Front 57

(Ch.6) Whenever Daniel's decision making team is working to establish a solution to a problem, it seems the team inevitably winds up choosing an alternative simply because it appears to be satisfactory or merely "good enough". The team rarely takes the time to evaluate the alternative solutions based on whether it is the one that has the highest value. The team is engaging in the problem of _____.
A) rational selection
B) satisficing
C) intuition
D) scenario planning
E) bounded rationality

Back 57

B) satisficing

Front 58

(Ch.6) _____ is best described as the ability to know when a problem or opportunity exists and to select the best course of action without conscious reasoning.
A) Bounded rationality
B) Divergent thinking
C) Postdecisonal justification
D) Intuition
E) Subjective expected utility

Back 58

D) Intuition

Front 59

(Ch.6) Adam's company continues to pour more of its finances into the building renovation project even though it is already $1 million over budget and eight months over schedule. The company fails to acknowledge that even if completed, the project will not produce expected or desired results. It is most likely the company is experiencing which of the following?
A) Postdecisional justification
B) Escalation of commitment
C) Rational choice paradigm
D) Bounded rationality
E) Divergent thinking

Back 59

B) Escalation of commitment

Front 60

(Ch.6) Developing an original product, service or idea that makes a socially recognized contribution is known as:
A) divergent thinking.
B) preparation.
C) creativity.
D) illumination.
E) morphological analysis.

Back 60

C) creativity.