Nutrition Exam 3 Vocab

Front 1

collagen

Back 1

a protein that forms strong fibers in bone and connective tissue

Front 2

cortical bone

Back 2

a dense bone tissue that makes up the outer surface of all bones as well as the the enteriety of most small bones of the body

Front 3

spongey bone

Back 3

poreous bone tissue that makes up only 20% of the skeleton and is found within the ends of long bones, inside the spinal vertebrae and most bones of skull and pelvis

Front 4

bone density

Back 4

the degree of compactness of bone tissue reflecting the strength of bone

Front 5

remodeling

Back 5

two step process by which bone tissue is recycled
- includes breakdown of existing bone and formation of new bone

Front 6

resorption

Back 6

the process by which the surface of the bone is broken down by cells called osteoclasts

Front 7

osteoclasts

Back 7

cells that erode the surface of bones by secreting enzymes and acids that dig groves into the bone matrix

Front 8

osteoblasts

Back 8

cells that prompt the formation of new bone matrix by laying down the collagen-containing componet of the bone which is then mineralized

Front 9

DEXA

Back 9

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
-currently the most accurate tool for measuring bone density

Front 10

T-score

Back 10

numerical score comparing an indivduals bone density to the average peak bone density of a 30 year old healthy adult
-to determine risk of osteoporosis

Front 11

PTH

Back 11

parathyroid hormone
-a hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland when calcium levels fall
-increases blood cal levels
-stimulated by vit D

Front 12

calcitonin

Back 12

a hormone secreted by thyroid gland when blood cal levels are too high
-inhibits actions of vit D
-prevents reabsorption of calcium

Front 13

calcium tetany

Back 13

a condition in which muscles experience twitching and spasms due to inadequate blood calcium levels

Front 14

calcium rigior

Back 14

failure of muscles to relax which leads to a hardening or stiffening of muscles
-caused by high levels of blood calcium

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bioavailability

Back 15

the degree to which the body can reasorb and use any given nutrient

Front 16

hypercalcemia

Back 16

a condition characterized by an abnormally high concentration of calcium in the blood

Front 17

hypocalcemia

Back 17

a condition charcterized by an abnormally low concentration of calcium in the blood

Front 18

cholecaliferol

Back 18

vit D3 a form of vit D found in animal foods and the form we synthesize from the sun

Front 19

calcitriol

Back 19

the primary active form of vit D in the body

Front 20

ergocalciferol

Back 20

vit D2 a form of vit D found exclusively in plant foods

Front 21

rickets

Back 21

a vit D deficiency disease in children
-symptoms include deformities of skeleton, bowed legs, knocked knees

Front 22

osteomalacia

Back 22

a vit D deficiancy disease in adults in which bones become weak and prone to fractures

Front 23

phylloquineone

Back 23

the form of vit K found in plants

Front 24

menaquinone

Back 24

form of vit K produced by bacteria in large intestine

Front 25

Osteocalcin

Back 25

a vit K dependent protein that is secreted by osteoblasts and is associated with bone turnover

Front 26

matrix Gla protein

Back 26

a vit K-dependent protein located in the protein matrix of bone in cartilage blood vessel walls and soft tissues

Front 27

hypermagnesemia

Back 27

a condition marked by an abnormally high concentration of magnesium in the blood

Front 28

hypomagnesemia

Back 28

a condition characterized by an abnormally low concentration of magnesium in the blood

Front 29

flurohydroxyapatie

Back 29

a mineral compound in human teeth that contains flouride, calcium and phosphorus and is more resisant to destruction by acids and bacteria than hydroxyapatite

Front 30

flurosis

Back 30

a condition with staining and pitting of teeth caused by abnormally high intake of flouride

Front 31

osteoporosis

Back 31

a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue leading to increased bone fragility and fracture risk

Front 32

antioxidant

Back 32

a compound that has the ability to prevent or repair the damage caused by oxidation

Front 33

oxidation

Back 33

chemical reaction in which molecules of a substance are broken down into their component atoms involved in lose electrons

Front 34

free radical

Back 34

a highly unstable atom with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell

Front 35

ROS

Back 35

reactive oxygen species
-an oxygen molecule that has become a free radical

Front 36

tocotrienols

Back 36

a family of vit E that does NOT play an important role in our bodies

Front 37

tocopherols

Back 37

a family of vit E that is the active form in our bodies

Front 38

erythrocyte hemolysis

Back 38

the rupture or breakdown of red blood cells (erythrocytes)

Front 39

collagen

Back 39

a protein found in all connective tissues in the body

Front 40

GSH

Back 40

glutathione
-a tripeptide composed of glycine cyteine and glutamic acid that assists in regenerating vit C into its antioxidant form

Front 41

prooxidant

Back 41

a nutrient that promotes oxidation cell and tissue damage

Front 42

provitamin

Back 42

an inactive form of a vitamin that the body can covert to an active form

Front 43

carotenoids

Back 43

fat soluble plant pigments that the body stores in liver and adipose tissues the body is able to covert certain carotenoids to vit A

Front 44

retinol

Back 44

an active alcohol form of vit A that plays an important role in healthy vision and immune function

Front 45

retinal

Back 45

an active aldehyde form of vit A that plays an important role in helathy vision and immune function

Front 46

retinoic acid

Back 46

an active acid form of vit A that plays an important role in cell growth and immune function

Front 47

retina

Back 47

the delicate light sensitive membrane the inner eyeball and connected to the optic nerve contains retinal

Front 48

opsin

Back 48

a protein that combines with retinal in the retina to form rhodopsin

Front 49

rod cells

Back 49

light-sensitive cells found in the retina that contain rhodopsin and react to dim light and interpret black and white images

Front 50

bleaching process

Back 50

a reaction in which the rod cells in the retina lose their color when rhodopsin is split into retinal and opsin

Front 51

night blindness

Back 51

a vit A definciency disorder that results in loss of the ability to see in dim light

Front 52

cone cells

Back 52

light sensitive cells found in the retina that contain the pigment iodopsin and react to the bright light interpret color images

Front 53

iodopsin

Back 53

color sensitive pigment found in cone cells of the retina

Front 54

cell differentiation

Back 54

the process by which immature undiffereniated stem cells develop into highly specialized functional cells of discrete organs and tissues

Front 55

xerophthakamia

Back 55

an irreversible blindness due to hardening of the cornea and drying of the mucuous membranes of the eye

Front 56

hyperkeratosis

Back 56

a condition resulting in the excess accumulation of the protien keratin in the follicles of the skin; this condition can also impair the ability of the epithelial tissues to produce mucus

Front 57

keshan disease

Back 57

a heart disorder caused by selenium deficiancy

Front 58

selenomethionine

Back 58

an amino acid derivative that is the storage form of selenium in the body

Front 59

selenocysitine

Back 59

an amino-acid derivative that is active form of selenium in the body

Front 60

cancer

Back 60

a group of diseases characterized by cells that reproduce spontaneously and independently and may invade other tissues and organs

Front 61

tumor

Back 61

any newly formed mass of immature undifferentiated cells with no physiological function

Front 62

fluid

Back 62

a substance composed of molecules that move past one another freely fluids are characterized by their ability to conform to the shape of whatever container holds them

Front 63

intracellular fluid

Back 63

the fluid held at any given time within the walls of the body's cells

Front 64

extracellular fluid

Back 64

the fluid outside the body's cells either inside the body's tissues or as blood or lymph

Front 65

interstital fluid

Back 65

the fluid that flows between the cells that make up a particular tissue or organ

Front 66

intravascular fluid

Back 66

fluid of the bloodstream and lymph

Front 67

electrolyte

Back 67

a compund that dissociates in solution into positively and neagtively charged ions and is thus capable of conducting an electrical current

Front 68

ion

Back 68

any electically charged particle either positively or negatively charged

Front 69

solvent

Back 69

a substance that is capable of mixing with and breaking apart a variety of compunds
-water

Front 70

blood volume

Back 70

the amt of fluid in the blood

Front 71

ADH

Back 71

antidiuretic hormone
- a hormone released from pituitary in response to an increase in blood solute concentration
-causes kidneys to reabsorb water

Front 72

diuretic

Back 72

a substance that increases fluid loss via urine

Front 73

renin

Back 73

an enzyme secreted by the kidney in response to decrease in blood pressure
-converts blood protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
-results in increase of sodium reabsorption

Front 74

angiotensin II

Back 74

a ptent vasoconstirictor that constricts the diameter of blood vessels and increases blood pressure
-signals for release of aldosterone

Front 75

aldosterone

Back 75

a hormone released from the adrenal glands that signals the kidneys to retain sodium and chloride
-causes water retention

Front 76

osmosis

Back 76

movement of water through semipermeable membrane from less concentrated to high concentration

Front 77

osmotic pressure

Back 77

the pressure that is need to keep the particles in a solution from drawing liquid to ward them across a semipermeable membrane

Front 78

thirst mechanism

Back 78

a cluster of nerve cells in the hypothalamus that stimulates our conscious desire to drink fluids in response to an increase in the concentration of salt in our blood or a decrease in blood pressure and blood volume

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sensible water loss

Back 79

water loss that is noticible such as through urine output or sweating

Front 80

insenible water loss

Back 80

the unpercieved water loss through evaporation from the skin and exhalation

Front 81

hypernatremia

Back 81

a condition in which blood sodium levels are dangerously high

Front 82

hyponatremia

Back 82

a condition in which blood sodium levels are dangerously low

Front 83

hyperkalemia

Back 83

a condition in which blood potassium levels are dangerously high

Front 84

hypokalemia

Back 84

a condition in which blood potassium levels are dangeously low

Front 85

phytic acid

Back 85

form of phosphorous stored in plants

Front 86

dehydration

Back 86

the depeletion of body fluid which results when fluid excretion exceeds fluid intake

Front 87

heat stroke

Back 87

a potentially fatal heat illness characterized by hot dry skin rapid heart rate vomiting diarahhea elvated body temp hallucinations and coma

Front 88

overhydration

Back 88

the dilution of body fluid
-results when water intake or retention is excessive

Front 89

hypertension

Back 89

a chronic condition characterized by above average blood pressure readings specially systolic blood pressure over 140 mm or diastolic bp over 90mm

Front 90

salt sensitivity

Back 90

a condition in which certain people respond to a high salt intake by experiencing an increase in bp

Front 91

salt resistant

Back 91

a condition in which certain people do not experience changes in bp with changes in salt intake

Front 92

DASH diet

Back 92

the dietary approaches to stop hypertension
-diet plan emphasizing fruits and vegetables whole grains low/no fat milk and lean meat

Front 93

seizures

Back 93

uncontrollable muscle spasms caused by increased nervous system excitability that can result from electrolyte imbalances or a chronic disease

Front 94

muscle cramps

Back 94

involuntary spasmodic and painful muscle contractions that last for many seconds or even minutes; electrolyte imbalances are often causes

Front 95

metabolism

Back 95

the sum of all the chemical and physical changes that occur in body tissues

Front 96

calorimeter

Back 96

a special instrument in which food can be burned and the amount of heat that is released can be meausre this process demonstrates the caloric content of food

Front 97

anabolism

Back 97

the process of making new molecules from smaller ones

Front 98

catabolism

Back 98

the breakdown of larger molecules to smaller molecules

Front 99

adenosine triphosphate

Back 99

ATP
- a high energy compound made up of the purine adenine the simple sugar ribose and 3 phosphate units
-it is used by cells as a source of metabolic energy

Front 100

ADP

Back 100

adenosine diphosphate
- a metabolic intermediate that results from the removal of one phosphate group from ATP

Front 101

AMP

Back 101

a low energy compound that results from the removal of 2 phosphate groups from ATP

Front 102

dehydration synthesis

Back 102

an anabolic process by which smaller chemical simple compounds are joined and a molecule of water is released

Front 103

hydrolysis

Back 103

a catabolic process by which a large chemically complex compound is broken apart with the addition of water

Front 104

phosphorylation

Back 104

the addition of one or more phosphate groups to a chemical compound

Front 105

oxidation-reduction reactions

Back 105

reactions in which electrons are lost by one compound, (it is oxidized) and simultaneously gained by another compound (reduced)

Front 106

FAD

Back 106

flavin adenine dinuclotide
- a conezyme derived from the B vitamin riboflavin FAD readily accepts electorns (hydrogen) from various donors

Front 107

cofactor

Back 107

a small non-protein substance that enhances or is essential for enzyme action. trace minerals such as iron zinc and copper function as cofactors

Front 108

coenzyme

Back 108

organic carbon containing component of enzymes many conenzymes are B vitamins

Front 109

glucokinase

Back 109

an ezyme that adds a phosphate group to a molecule of glucose

Front 110

gylcolysis

Back 110

a sequence of chemical reaction that converts glucose to pyruvate

Front 111

NAD

Back 111

a conezyme form of the B vitamin niacin; NAD readily accepts electrons (hydrogen) from various donors

Front 112

lactate

Back 112

a 3 carbon compound produced from pyruvate in oxygen deprived conditions

Front 113

acetyl CoA

Back 113

coenzyme A
-derived from the b vitamin pantothenic acid is readily reacts with 2 carbon acetate to form the metabolic intermediate acetyl CoA

Front 114

TCA cycle

Back 114

the tricarboxylic acid cycle is repetitive series of eight metabolic reactions; located in cell mitochondria
, that metabolizes acetyl coA for the produduction of carbon dioxide, high energy GTP and reduced coenzyme NADH and FADH2

Front 115

electron transport chain

Back 115

a series of metabolic reactions that transports electrons from NAHD or FADH2 through a series of carriers resulting in ATP production

Front 116

lipolysis

Back 116

the enzyme driven catabolism of triglycerides into free fatty acids and gylcerol

Front 117

hormone sensitive lipase

Back 117

the enzyme that breaks down triglyercides stored in adipose tissue

Front 118

albumin

Back 118

a serum protein made in the liver that transports free fatty acids from one body tissue to another

Front 119

B-oxidation

Back 119

a series of metabolic reactions that oxidize free fatty acids leading to the end products of water, CO2 and ATP

Front 120

Carnitine

Back 120

a small organic compound that compound that transport free fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria for oxidation

Front 121

ketone bodies

Back 121

three and four carbon compounds derived when acetyl coA levels become elevated

Front 122

proteolysis

Back 122

the breakdown of dietary proteins into single amino acids or small peptides that are absorbed by the body

Front 123

carbon skeleton

Back 123

the unique side group that remains after deamination

Front 124

keto acid

Back 124

the chemical structure that remains after deamination of an amino acid

Front 125

glucogenic amino acid

Back 125

an amino acid that can be converted to glucose via glucogenesis

Front 126

ketogenic amino acid

Back 126

an amino acid that can be vonverted to acetyl coA for the synthesis of free fatty acid

Front 127

ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase)

Back 127

an enzyme that converts ethanol to acetaldehyde in the first step of alcohol oxidation

Front 128

aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)

Back 128

an enzyme that oxidizes acetaldehyde to acetate

Front 129

microsomal ethanol oxidizing sytem (MEOS

Back 129

a liver enzyme system that oxidizes ethanol to acetaledehyde, its activity predominates at higher levels of alcohol intake

Front 130

glucogenesis

Back 130

the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as glucogenic amino acids and glycerol

Front 131

lipogenesis

Back 131

the synthesis of free fatty acids from nonlipid precursors such as ketogenic amino acids or ethanol

Front 132

de novo sythesis

Back 132

the process of synthesizing a compound from scratch

Front 133

insulin

Back 133

a hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas in response to increased blood levels of glucose that faciliates uptake of glucose by body cells

Front 134

glucagon

Back 134

a hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas in response to decreased blood levels of glucose

Front 135

epinephrine

Back 135

a hormone produced mainly by the adrenal medulla that stimulates the release of glucose

Front 136

cortisol

Back 136

a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that increases rates of glucogenesis and lipolysis

Front 137

beriberi

Back 137

a disease caused by thiamine deficiency characterized by muscle wasting and nerve damage

Front 138

ariboflavinosis

Back 138

a condition caused by riboflavin deficiency

Front 139

pellagera

Back 139

a disease that results from severe niacin deficiency

Front 140

homocystesitine

Back 140

an amino acid that requires adequate levels of folate vit B6 vit b12 for its metabolism

Front 141

intrinsic factor

Back 141

a protein secreted by cells of the stomach that binds to vit B12 and aids its absortion in the small intestine

Front 142

atrophic gastitis

Back 142

a condition frequently seen in people over the age of 50, in which stomach-acid secretions are low

Front 143

acetylcholine

Back 143

a neurotransmitter that is involved in many functions including muscle movement and memory storage

Front 144

goiter

Back 144

enlargement of the thyroid gland; can be caused by iodine toxicity or deficiency

Front 145

cretinism

Back 145

a unique form of mental retardation that occurs in infants when the mother experiences iodine deficiency during pregnancy

Front 146

hypothyrodisim

Back 146

a condition characterized by low blood levels of thyroid hormone

Front 147

hyperthyroidism

Back 147

a condition characterized by high blood levels of thyroid hormone

Front 148

erythrocytes

Back 148

RBC they transport oxygen in the blood

Front 149

leukocytes

Back 149

WBC they protect the body from infection and illness

Front 150

platelets

Back 150

cell fragments that assist in the formation of blood clots and help stop bleeding

Front 151

plasma

Back 151

the fluid portion of the blood, its needed to maintain adequate blood volume, so that blood can flow easily throughout the body

Front 152

hemoglobin

Back 152

the oxygen carrying protein found in RBC. almost 2/3 of all of the irn in the body is found in hemoglobin

Front 153

myoglobin

Back 153

an iron-containing protein similar to hemoglobin except that it is found in muscle cells

Front 154

heme

Back 154

the iron-containing molecule found in hemoglobin

Front 155

heme iron

Back 155

iron that is a part of hemoglobin and myoglobin; it is found only in animal based foods such as meat fish poultry

Front 156

non-heme iron

Back 156

the form of iron that is not a part of hemoglobin or myoglobin; it is found in animal-based and plant-based foods

Front 157

meat factor

Back 157

a special factor found in meat fish and poultry that enhances the absorption of non-heme iron

Front 158

ferroportin

Back 158

an iron transporter that helps regulate intestinal iron absoprtion and the release of iron from the enterocyte into the general ciruclation

Front 159

hephaestin

Back 159

a copper containing protein that oxidizes once iron is transported across the basolateral membrane by ferroportion

Front 160

ceruloplasmin

Back 160

a copper containing protein that transports copper in the body it also plays a role in oxidizing ferric to ferrous iron

Front 161

transferrin

Back 161

a storage form of iron found in promarily in the intestinal mucosa, spleen, bone marrow and liver

Front 162

hemosiderin

Back 162

a storage form of iron found primarily in the intestinal mucosa spleen, bone marrow and liver

Front 163

iron depletion (stage I)

Back 163

the first phase characterized by a decrease in blood ferritin levels

Front 164

iron defciency erythropoiesis (stage II)

Back 164

the second stage of iron deficiency, characterized by a decrease in the transport of iron in the blood

Front 165

iron deficiency anemia (Stage III)

Back 165

a form of anemia that results from severe iron deficiiency

Front 166

mircocytic anemia

Back 166

a form of anemia manifested as the productuon of smaller than normal red blood cells containing insufficient hemoglobin (can result from iron deficiency or B6 deficiency)

Front 167

metallothionein

Back 167

a zinc containing protein witnin the enterocyte, it assists the regulation of zinc homeostasis

Front 168

negative folate balance (stage 1)

Back 168

the first stage of folate depletion in which in the body has less folate availble to it and serum levels of folate begin to decline

Front 169

folate depletion (stage 2)

Back 169

the second stage of folate depletion in which both serum and RBC folate levels are low

Front 170

folate deficiency erythropoiesis (stage 3)

Back 170

the 3rd stage of folate depeletion in which body levels of folate are so low that the ability to make new red blood cells is impaired

Front 171

folate deficiency anemia (stage 4)

Back 171

a state of severe folate depletion in which there is inadequare folate for a long enough time that the number of RBC has declined

Front 172

Nerual tube defects

Back 172

NTD's the most common malformation of the CNS that occur during fetal development. a folate deficiency can cause nerual tube defects

Front 173

macrocytic anemia

Back 173

a form of anemia manifested as the production of larger than normal RBCs containing insufficent hemoglobin; inhibits transport of oxygen

Front 174

pernicious anemia

Back 174

a form of macrocytic anemia that is primary cause of a vit B12 deficiecy

Front 175

autoimune

Back 175

a destructive immune response directed toward an indivudals own tissues

Front 176

nospecific immune function

Back 176

genralized body defense mechanizm that protect against the entry of forgein agents

Front 177

specific immune function

Back 177

the strongest defense against pathogens. it requires adaptation of WBC's that recognize antigens and that multiply to protect against the pathogens carrying those antigens

Front 178

antigens

Back 178

parts of a molecule, usually large proteins, form microbes, toxins, or other substances that are recognized by immune cells and activate an immune response

Front 179

memory cells

Back 179

WBC's that recognize a particular antigen and circulate in the body, ready to respond if the antigen is encountered again

Front 180

B cells

Back 180

WBCs that can become either antibody producing plasma cells or memory cells

Front 181

plasma

Back 181

WBC's that have differetiated from activated B cells and produce millions of antibodies to an antigen during an infection

Front 182

T cells

Back 182

WBC that are several varieties inculding cytoxic T cells and helper T cells

Front 183

Cytotoxic T Cells

Back 183

activated T cells that kill infected body cells

Front 184

helper T cells

Back 184

activated T cells that secrete chemicals needed to acitvate other immune cells

Front 185

vaccination

Back 185

the method of administering a small amt of antigen to elcit an immune response for the purpose of developong memory cells that will protect against the disease at a later time

Front 186

antiserum

Back 186

human or animal srum that contains antibodies to a particular antigen because of previous exposure to the disease or to a vaccine containing antigen form that infectious agent

Front 187

immunocometence

Back 187

the body's ability to adwquately produce an effective immunity response to an antigen