Nhm-Chapter 8 (Notes/vocab) Test 2

Front 1

The average gestation for a full-term infant is 40 weeks with a range from ____-_____weeks weighing in at 5.5-8.5 lbs and 47-54 centimeters in length. 88% of babies in the US are born full-term.

Back 1

-37-42 weeks

Front 2

____________ is a key risk factor of infant death (less than 37 weeks). Other top 2 risk factors of death are congenital _______________ and ____________________. LBW= _____lbs. VLBW =_________lbs. ELBW= ________lbs.

Back 2

-Preterm births

-Malformations

-Sudden infant death syndrome

-LBW- 5.0lbs

-VLBW- 3 lbs (5oz)

-ELBW- 2 lbs (3oz)

Front 3

Infants born between 37-42 weeks?

Back 3

Full-term infants

Front 4

Infants born before 37 weeks of gestation?

Back 4

Preterm infants

Front 5

Death that occurs within the first year of life?

Back 5

Infant Mortality

Front 6

Infant ____________ is affected by:

-social and economic status of families and women

-access to healthcare

-medical interventions

-teenage pregnancy rates

-availability of abortion services

-failure to prevent preterm and low-birth-weight births

Back 6

-Mortality

Front 7

part of Medicaid and provides routine checkups for low-income families?

Back 7

EPSDT (early periodic screening detection and treatment program)

Front 8

Fetal under-growth from any cause, resulting in a disproportionality in weight, length, or weight-for-length percentiles for gestational age?

Back 8

IUGR (intrauterine growth retardation (or restriction)) (SGA)

Front 9

An automatic (unlearned) response that is triggered by a specific stimulus?

Back 9

Reflex

Front 10

Action that occurs if one cheek is touched, resulting in the infant's head turning toward that cheek and the infant opening his mouth?

Back 10

Rooting Reflex

Front 11

A reflexive movement of the tongue moving forward and backward; earliest feeding skill?

Back 11

Suckle

Front 12

IUGR: infant falls below the ________ percentile of weight for gestational age. Infants above the _____ percentile are considered large for gestational age (LGA). Those between are appropriate for gestational age (AGA)

Back 12

-10th

-90th

Front 13

Infant feeding is directed by ___________ and the central nervous system. The development of muscle control is _______-______ of the infants body.

Back 13

-Reflexes

-Top-down

Front 14

Muscle development along with muscle control are ___________-___________, meaning the infant learns to control the shoulder and arm muscles before muscles in the hands. ___________ development influences both the ability of the infant to feed and the amount of energy expended in the activity.

Back 14

-Central-peripheral

-Motor

Front 15

An early learning system in which the infant's senses and motor skills provide input to the central nervous system?

Back 15

Sensorimotor

Front 16

These skills influence feeding in important ways. For example, the stage during which infants are very sensitive to food texture is also when their speech skills are emerging?

Back 16

Sensorimotor

Front 17

The baby's interactions with the ______________ stimulates its developing brain, which is now seen as structuring the nervous system in the long term. Access to adequate energy and protein may not be sufficient enough for maximizing brain maturation if the social and emotional growth of the infant are not stimulated simultaneously.

Back 17

Environment

Front 18

It takes up to __________ months for the infant gastrointestinal tract to mature, but the time required varies for all.

Back 18

6 months

Front 19

Movement of the stomach contents backward into the esophagus due to stomach muscle contractions. The condition may require treatment depending on its duration and degree?

Back 19

GER (gastroesophageal Reflux) (GERD)

Front 20

Colic, GER, unexplained diarrhea, and constipation are all possible signs of an immature __________.

Back 20

Gut

Front 21

Factors that influence rate of food passage through the colon and the gastrointestinal discomfort seen in infants: ___________ of foods or liquids (which affects how much water is in the intestine), _________ bacteria flora, and water and fluid balance in the body.

Back 21

-Osmolarity

-Colon

Front 22

When refluxes become coordinated. Sucking a nipple?

Back 22

0-1 month

Front 23

Immediately after birth; score is a simple assessment of how a baby is doing at birth, which helps determine whether your newborn is ready to meet the world without additional medical assistance?

Back 23

APGAR

Front 24

1952, Dr. Virginia Apgar: APGAR score: given immediately after birth at specific timed intervals, ____ and ____ minutes; factor 0-2, scaled 1-10. Stands for::: __________: skin coloration. __________: heart rate. _________________: reflex response. _____________ and muscle tone. ______________: breathing rate & effort.

Back 24

-1-5

-Appearance

-Pulse

-Grimace response

-Activity

-Respirations

Front 25

Standard Newborn Growth Assessment considers __________, __________, and __________. Newborns grow faster than any other time of life.

Back 25

-Weight

-Length

-Head circumference

Front 26

Include a wide range of interpretation = normal or typical. Accuracy in measuring tools and methods?

Back 26

Physical Growth Assessment

Front 27

Carbon molecules that provide fatty acids with 12 or more carbons, which ARE commonly found in foods?

Back 27

Long-Chain Fats

Front 28

Energy needs of typical infants are higher per pound of body weight than at any other time of life. Ranges from 80-120 kcal/kg (2.2lb) body weight daily. The average energy need of infants in the first 6 months of life is _______cal per kg of body weight, based on growth in breastfed infants. From 6-12 months of age, the average energy need is _____cal/kg.

Back 28

108 kcal/kg

-98 kcal/kg

Front 29

Weight, growth rate, sleep/wake cycle, temperature and climate, physical activity, metabolic responses to food, and health status from illness are all factors that account of the range of _________ needs of infants.

Back 29

Energy

Front 30

PROTEIN: 6 months= _____g/kg. 6-12 month= _____g/kg. Protein needs are similar to that of energy but are also influenced by body composition.

Back 30

-2.2g/kg

-1.6g/kg

Front 31

No specific recommendations for intake of fat level for infants. 55% of infant energy (calories) comes from fats from breastmilk. Infants need ______________ for gonad and brain development. Short and medium chain fats such as those found in ____________ are more readily utilized than long chain fats, such as in some infant ____________.

Back 31

-Breast milk

-Cholesterol

-Formulas

Front 32

The metabolic rate of infants is the highest of any period after birth. The higher rate is primarily related to infants' rapid __________ rate and high proportion of infant weight that is made up of muscle. Low carbohydrate and/or energy intake results in protein ____________ impacting growth. Process of breaking down body protein to generate energy is known as ____________; if this goes on too long, it will slow or stop growth in infants.

Back 32

-Growth

-Catabolism

-Catabolism

Front 33

DRI FLUORIDE: Low in breast milk. <6 months= 0.1mg daily. 7-12 months= ____ mg daily. Not enough may lead to _____________. Too much may cause _______________.

Back 33

-0.5mg

-Dental Caries

-Tooth discoloration

Front 34

VITAMIN D (bone mineralization and calcium): recommended shortly after birth at _______IU per day. 1 ________ of vitamin-D fortified infant formula- no need for supplementation. NOT supplied in sufficient amounts in breast milk, that's why supplements are typically recommended for exclusively or partially breastfed infants. Deficiency leads to ___________.

Back 34

-400 IU

-1 quart

-Rickets

Front 35

SODIUM: major component of extracellular fluid and fluid balance. 0-5 months= ______mg. 6-12 months= _________mg. Infants don't sweat very much, so not major loss for infants. Major losses are more so from _________ or __________.

Back 35

-120mg

-200mg

-Vomiting

-Diarrhea

Front 36

IRON: ____mg daily. 7-12 month= ____mg daily. Supplemental iron for exclusively breastfeeding infants starts at ___ months of age.

Back 36

-0.27mg

-11mg

-4 months

Front 37

LEAD: May be contaminated in water from lead pipes. Lead based paints taste sweet to infants. Screening for lead poisoning is recommended starting at _9-12 months of age. If siblings have been found to have lead poisoning, screening for lead may be started at 6 months. No recommendations. **

Back 37

**

Front 38

Slight variations in ________ rate can result from illness, teething, inappropriate feeding positions, or family disruptions.

Back 38

Growth

Front 39

CDC and WHO charts both show: ________ and _______ for age, weight for length, and head circumference for age.

Back 39

-Length

-Weight

Front 40

CDC: US selected sites with 5,000 measurements. Descriptive reference reflecting past "_____________". 66% formula fed and 33% breastfed for 3 months. From birth to _____ months. Low weight for age in 12 months and High weight for length up to 12 months is higher prevalence.

Back 40

-How infants have grown

-36 months

Front 41

Descriptive reference reflecting past "how infants have grown"?

Back 41

CDC chart

Front 42

WHO: worldwide 6 selected sites with 19,000 measurements. Prescriptive optimal standard: "____________". All infants are ___________ for at least 4 months. From birth to _______ months. Low weight for age in 12 months and High weight for length up to 12 months is ________ prevalence.

Back 42

-How infants should grow

-Breastfed

-24

-Lower

Front 43

Prescriptive optimal standard, "how infants should grow"?

Back 43

WHO chart

Front 44

Physical growth warning signs: Lack of Weight or Length gain, Plateau (little/no change) in Weight, Length, or head circumference for > __ month, Drop in weight without regain in a few weeks.

Back 44

->1

Front 45

Newborns: Hear and move in response to familiar voice. ____________ dictate feeding at birth. _____ is immature resulting in inconsistent cues for hunger and satiety. Strong reflexes, especially ______ and _____ (reflexes are protective for newborns).

Back 45

-Reflexes

-CNS
-Suckle

-Root

Front 46

Ability to control voluntary muscles. Top down—head first, lower legs last. Muscle development from central to peripheral. Influences ability to feed self & the amount of energy expended?

Back 46

Motor Development

Front 47

Sensorimotor skills are related to ______________ development.

Back 47

Cognitive

Front 48

Recommended that infants are exclusively breastfed for first _______ months of life and continuation of it for second ____ months as optimum nutrition in infancy. Less than ____ months old- NO other liquids recommended or foods in addition to breast milk and formula. Infant formula for full-term newborns are typically ____cal/fl oz when prepared as directed; for premature it is ____-____cal/fl oz.

Back 48

-6

-6

-6

-20cal/fl oz

-22-24 cal/fl oz

Front 49

________________ has been linked to early introduction of whole cow's milk. Soy formula isn't recommended for managing infantile colic. ____________ and ____________ formulas are good alternatives to soy protein-based formulas who are not breastfed and cannot be fed cow's milk protein.

Back 49

-Cow's milk

-Lactose-free

-Hydrolyzed

Front 50

Linked to: GI blood loss, Low absorption of calcium & phosphorus, and displacement of iron-rich foods.

Back 50

Iron deficiency anemia

Front 51

Infants born with reflexes & food intake regulatory mechanism. Inherent preference for sweet taste. At __-___ wks, reflexes fade; infant begins to purposely signal wants & needs.

Back 51

-4-6 weeks

Front 52

Reflexes include rooting, mouthing, head turning, gagging, swallowing, and coordinating breathing and swallowing. In early infancy, self regulation of feeding is mediated by the pleasure of the sensation of ___________. Food intake, child speaking, and appetite are regulated by both ___________ and _________ factors interacting with one another.

Back 52

-Fullness

-Biological

-Environmental

Front 53

The developmental model is based on looking of signs of readiness, such as being able to move the tongue from side to side without moving the head. The infant must be able to keep her head upright and sit with little support before ________ feeding is initiated.

Back 53

Spoon

Front 54

Cues infants may give for feeding readiness: Watching the food being opened in anticipation of eating, Tight ______ or reaching for spoon, Irritation if feeding too slow or stops temporarily, Playing with food or spoon, slowing intake or turning away when full, Stop eating or spit out food when full.

Back 54

Fists

Front 55

Food offered from spoon stimulates mouth ____________ development. At _____ months, offer small portions of semisoft food on a spoon once or twice each day. Offer a small spoon with a ___________ bowl. If baby cannot extend the tongue farther out than the _____________, baby isn't ready for spoon feeding. Place spoon on the tongue with a slight __________ pressure toward the front of the mouth. The spoon should be almost level.

Back 55

-Muscle

-6

-Shallow

-Lower lip

-Downward

Front 56

Unsafe feeding positions: ___________ a bottle or placing the baby on a pillow. Recommended sleeping position for a young infant is lying on the ________ WITHOUT elevating the head on a pillow. The infant can better control his mouth and head in a seated position with good support for the back and feet.

Back 56

-Propping

-Back

Front 57

Recommendations for introducing solid foods: Infant should not be overly tired or hungry, Use small spoon with shallow bowl, Allow infant to open mouth & extend tongue, Place spoon on front of tongue with gentle pressure, Avoid scraping spoon on infant’s gums, Pace feeding to allow infant to swallow, First meals may be ___-____ spoons over 10 minutes.

Back 57

5-6 spoons

Front 58

Introducing solid foods: should be single foods, pureed, wait __-__ days before adding new food, only 1-2 Tbsp per meal. Sequence of food:Iron fortified rice and other _________; wheat is last, Single fruits orSingle vegetables, Eggs, wheat (avoid first ___-___ months), Table foods (___ months to ___ year).

Back 58

-3-5 days

-Cereals

-6-9 months

-9 months-1 year

Front 59

Improper positioning may cause choking, discomfort, and _______ infections. Position young bottle-fed infants in a semi-upright position. Spoon-feeding should be with infant seated with back and feet supported. Adults feeding infants should be directly in front of infant making _________ contact.

Back 59

-Ear

-Eye

Front 60

Preparing for drinking from cup: Offer water or juice from cup after ____ months. Wean to a cup at ___ to ____ monthsFirst portion from cup is ___-___ oz. Changing from a bottle to a covered “sippy” cup with a small spout is NOT the same developmental step as weaning to an open cup. Open cup drinking skills also encourage __________ development.

Back 60

-6 months

-12-24 months

-1-2oz

-Speech

Front 61

Starts in infancy and usually completed in toddlerhood. Discontinuation of breastfeeding or bottle-feeding and substitution of food for breast milk or infant formula?

Back 61

Weaning (not complete until the energy intake from breast milk is provided from foods and liquids)

Front 62

Food textures and development: Can swallow __________ foods at 6 months. Early introduction of lumpy foods may cause choking. Can swallow very soft, lumpy foods at ___-___ months. By 8-10 months, can eat ____________ foods

Back 62

-Pureed

-6-8 months

-Soft, mashed

Front 63

Foods or products that have low risk of promoting food or other allergies?

Back 63

Hypoallergenic (RICE CEREAL IS)

Front 64

Hot dogs, Popcorn, potato chips, Peanuts, chunks of peanut butter, Raisins, whole grapes, Stringy meats, Gum & gummy-textured candy, hard candy or jelly beans, Hard fruits or vegetables are all foods that __________ infants.

Back 64

Choke

Front 65

Commercial baby foods are commonly selected because of their ____________ and ____________. A lot have added tapioca. Jars and plastic tub serving sizes of baby foods are based on ____________ standards, not necessarily recommended portion sizes. Portion sizes for infants should be based on ____________. 9-12 months of age foods eaten by family members are appropriate (soft cooked green beans, mashed potatoes, cooked hot cereal, and cheerios)

Back 65

-Sanitation

-Convenience

-Industry

-Appetite

Front 66

Breast milk or formula provide adequate water for healthy infants up to ____ months. All forms of fluids contribute to water intake. Additional plain water in hot, humid climates. Dehydration is common in infants. Pedialyte or sports drinks provide electrolytes but lower in calories than formula or breast milk. Limit juice-AAP recommends juice is not needed to meet the fluid needs before the age of 6 months. Avoid colas and tea.

Back 66

6 months

Front 67

In first few months, the oral need to suck is easily confused with ___________ by new parents. Infants vary in temperament. Crying or fussiness may be interpreted as hunger resulting in overfeeding. First foods may appear to be rejected due to immature ___________ movement.

Back 67

-Hunger

-Tongue

Front 68

Infants learn food _____________ based on experiences with foods. Flavor of breast milk influenced by mother’s diet. Genetic predisposition to sweet taste. Food preference from infancy sets stage for lifelong food habits.

Back 68

Preferences

Front 69

Supplements for infants

=Fluoride—for breastfed infants after 6 months or if in any area with no fluoridated water

=Iron after ___ months if breastfed

=Vitamin ____ for vegans

= Vitamin ____needed if exclusively breastfed

Back 69

-4 months

-B12

-D

Front 70

Infants who were born early at low birthweight may need Vitamins ___ and ____ and __________ due to low stores of these nutrients usually accumulated late in pregnancy.

Back 70

-A

-E

-Iron

Front 71

Condition of inadequate weight or height gain thought to result from an energy deficit, whether or not the cause can be identified as a health problem?

Back 71

FTT (Failure to thrive)

Front 72

General term used to group specific diagnoses that limit daily living and functioning and occur before age 21?

Back 72

Developmental Disabilities

Front 73

Failure to thrive (FTT): Can be organic (_________) or non-organic (____________) such as maternal depression, mental illness, alcohol or drug abuse in the home, feeding delegated to siblings or others unable to respond to the infant, and overdilution of formula. Inadequate weight or height gain. Energy deficit is suspected.

Back 73

-Medical

-Environmental

Front 74

Intervention for ______: May be complex and involve a team approach including the registered dietitian, social worker.

Back 74

FTT

Front 75

A condition marked by a sudden onset of irritability, fussiness, or crying in a young infant between 2 weeks and 3 months of age who is otherwise growing healthy?

Back 75

Colic

Front 76

Response to Colic is usually to change ________________ if the infant is not breastfeeding, although this usually doesn't change the pattern of colic. Other recommendations include rocking, swaddling, bathing, or other ways of calming the infant positioning the baby well for eating, or burping to relieve gas.

Back 76

Infant formulas

Front 77

Severe iron deficiency anemia suggest to inadequate iron contributes to long term ________ delays from its role in the central nervous system development. Level of iron in fortified formulas is 15mg per liter (11.5 mg per quart)

Back 77

-Learning

Front 78

The number of stools varies widely from ___-___ per day, decreasing as the infant matures. Infants fed __________ based infant formulas may have more constipation than those fed a cow's milk-based formula. Excessive intake of __________ is a common cause of diarrhea in older infants.

Back 78

-2-6 stools

-Soy

-Fruit juice

Front 79

Limit the use of a bottle as part of a __________ ritual, offer juices in a _________, put only water in a __________ if offered for sleep, examine and clean emerging baby teeth to prevent dental caries from developing.

Back 79

-Bedtime

-Cup

-Bottle

Front 80

Cow based and soy based formulas are very similar in that they have __________ proteins. Hydrolyzed formulas DO NOT have this and are recommended. The most common allergic reaction is respiratory and skin symptoms such as wheezing or skin rashes.

Back 80

Intact

Front 81

Formula that contains enzymatically digested protein, or single amino acids, rather than protein as it naturally occurs in foods?

Back 81

Hydrolyzed Protein Formula

Front 82

A form of sugar or carbohydrate composed of galactose and glucose?

Back 82

Lactose

Front 83

______________ is often confused with colic and symptoms occur after a variety of minor illnesses such as gastrointestinal infections because of the irritated area of the intestine interferes with lactose breakdown. ___________ is present in dairy products and cow's milk-based formulas.

Back 83

-Lactose intolerance

-Lactose

Front 84

Infants receiving well-planned vegetarian diets grow normally. Breastfed vegan infants need supplementsVitamin ___, Vitamin ____, Possibly _________ and __________.

Back 84

-B12

-D

-Iron

-Zinc

Front 85

Program focused on preventing and reducing risks to infant development . Work with drug abuse, infants with disabilities, or teenage mothers?

Back 85

Early Head Start program

Front 86

Condition in which thyroid hormone is not produced in sufficient quantities, interfering with growth and mental development if untreated in infants?

Back 86

Hypothyroidism