Nhm- Chapter 10 (Vocab/notes) Test 2

Front 1

Characterized by rapid increase in gross & fine motor skills?

Back 1

Toddlers (1-3)

Front 2

Characterized by increasing autonomy, broader social circumstances, increasing language skills, & expanding self-control. For example attending preschool or staying with friends and relatives?

Back 2

Preschool-age children (3-5)

Front 3

Characteristics of this life stage for toddlers and preschoolers: Continued development, New skills, Increasing _____________, and Self regulated ___________.Undernutrition impairs cognitive development

Back 3

-Independence

-Eaters

Front 4

Objectives for the nation for improvements in health status by the year 2020?

Back 4

Healthy People 2020

Front 5

An infants birthweight __________ in first 12 months of life, but growth velocity slows thereafter until adolescent growth spurt. On average, toddlers gain ______ oz per month and _____ inches of height per month.

Back 5

-Triples

-8 oz (0.23kg)

-0.4 inches (1cm)

Front 6

Preschoolers gain ____ lbs and ______ inches in height per year.

Back 6

-4.4 lbs (2kg)

-2.75 inches (7cm)

Front 7

Toddler to preschooler: decrease in rate of growth of is accompanied by a reduced ____________ and food __________ in toddlers and preschoolers.

Back 7

-Appetite

-Intake

Front 8

The rate of growth over time?

Back 8

Growth Velocity

Front 9

Development and use of large muscle groups as exhibited by walking alone, running, walking up stairs, riding a tricycle, hopping, and skipping?

Back 9

Gross Motor Skills

Front 10

Development and use of smaller muscle groups demonstrated by stacking objects, scribbling, and copying a circle or square?

Back 10

Fine Motor Skills

Front 11

Toddlers at the age of ________ should be weighed without clothing or diaper. The ______________ of toddlers should be measured on a length board with a fixed head board with moveable foot board. Requires ____ adults. One at the child's head making sure the _________ of the head is placed firmly against the head board, and the other making sure that the child's legs are fully extended and placing the foot board at the child's ___________.

Back 11

-<2 years

-2

-Crown

-Heels

Front 12

Preschool-age children should be weighed and measured without ___________ and in lightweight clothing. ___________ scales should be used and a height board should be used for measuring ____________.

Back 12

-Shoes

-Calibrated

-Stature

Front 13

Measurement of length while the child is lying down. Used to measure toddlers <24 months of age and those between 24 and 36 months who are unable to stand unassisted?

Back 13

Recumbent Length

Front 14

2000 CDC Growth Charts: __________ specific - one set for girls & one for boys . Age specific - a set for ages birth to _____ months and ____-____ years.

Back 14

-Gender

-birth-36 months

-2-20 years

Front 15

If the child's recumbent length is measured, then the ____-____ growth chart is appropriate to use. If the child is over 2 years of age standing, the __-__ growth chart is used.

Back 15

-Birth-36 months

-2-20 years

Front 16

Standing height?

Back 16

Stature

Front 17

An index that correlates with total body fat content or percent body fat and is an acceptable measure of adiposity or body fatness in children and adults. Formula is weight in kg / height in meters squared?

Back 17

Body Mass Index

Front 18

Body mass index is predictive of body fat for children _____ years old. For children 2 years of age or older, a BMI in the ____ percentile or > but less than ____ percentile indicates OVERWEIGHT. BMI in the _____ percentile or > indicates OBESE. For children less than 2 years of age, a weight-for-length or a BMI for age percentile greater than _____ percentile is considered OVERWEIGHT. A weight-for-length or a BMI for age percentile less than the ___ percentile indicates UNDERWEIGHT.

Back 18

->2 years

-85th or > but < 95th = overweight

-95th or > = obese

- >95th= overweight

-<5th= underweight

Front 19

BMI increases in ____________; it decreases during preschool years, hitting its lowest point at approximately __-__ years of age; and then it increases into adulthood.

Back 19

-Infancy

-4-6 years

Front 20

BMI in children: 2 – 20 years old: BMI ≥ 85% - 95% indicates overweight. BMI ≥ 95% indicates obesity. BMI ≤ 5% indicates underweight. In pediatrics: goal is to strive for BMI-for-age in the normal range. The slope of the curve of the growth chart is NOT as steep as it is during the first year of life. **

Back 20

**

Front 21

Recommended use from birth-24 months to plot growth. (can plot from birth-5 years)?

Back 21

WHO Growth Chart

Front 22

Plots growth from 2-20 years of age?

Back 22

CDC Growth Chart

Front 23

Most children begin to walk independently at about their _____ birthday. 15 months, children can _____ up stairs; 18 months, can ______ stiffly; 24 months, can walk up and down stairs one step at a time; 30 months, advanced to going up stairs by alternating their feet; 36 months, ready for ____________.

Back 23

-1st

-Crawl

-Run

-Tricycle

Front 24

Toddlers often "________" around their parents like planets, moving away, looking back, moving father, and then returning. Fears of certain situations, such as separation, darkness, loud sounds, wind, rain, and lightning, commonly emerge during this period as the child learns to deal with changes in the ______________. _________ development also involves imitating others, such as parents, caretakers, siblings, and peers.

Back 24

-Orbit

-Environment

-Social

Front 25

Dramatic development of language skills occurs from age ___-___ months. 10-15 words= 18 months. 100+ words at 2 years. By ___ months, the child uses three-word sentences. They learn to express themselves, temper tantrums, terrible twos.

Back 25

-18-24 months

-36

Front 26

___________ development: Transitions from self-centered to more interactive. Vocabulary expands. Increase in feeding skills; ________ grasp. Strong need for independence, but they also need rituals and routine.

Back 26

-Cognitive

-Pincer

Front 27

Development of feeding skills of toddlers: Gross and fine motor development improves: ___-___ months—weaning from bottle begins. ___-___ months—completely weaned. ____ months—refined pincer grasp. ___-___ months—able to use tongue to clean lips & has developed rotary chewing. Adult supervision vital to prevent choking.

Back 27

-9-10 months- weaning from bottle begins

-12 to 14 months- completely weaned

-12 months- refined pincer grasp

-18-24 months- able to use tongue to clean lips & developed rotary chewing

Front 28

Feeding behaviors of toddlers: _________ in feeding are common. May have strong preferences & dislikes. Food jags common. Serve new foods with familiar foods & when child is hungry. Toddlers imitate parents & older siblings.

Back 28

Rituals

Front 29

Appetite and food intake of toddlers: Diminished appetite, decreased interest in food is normal. Toddler-sized portions; 1 ____________ of food per year of age. Give a small portion over a large one. Primary intake: nutrient dense meals & snacks. Avoid _________; sugary snacks.

Back 29

-Tablespoon

-Grazing

Front 30

At age ___, can hop, jump on one foot, and climb well. The child can ride a tricycle, or a bicycle with training wheels, and can throw a ball overhand.

Back 30

4

Front 31

Magical thinking and _____________ characterize the preschool period. This does not mean that the child is selfish, but rather that the child is not able to accept another's point of view. __________ is a central issue for preschool children. ____________ typically peaks between the ages of 2-4 years. Between ages 2 and 5, children's vocabulary increase from 50-100 words to more than 2000 words, and their language progresses from two to three word sentences to complex sentences.

Back 31

-Egocentrism

-Control

-Temper tantrums

Front 32

Development of feeding skills of preschool-age children: Can use a fork, spoon, & cup. ________ occur less frequently. Foods should be cut into____-size pieces. Adult supervision still REQUIRED.

Back 32

-Spills

-Bite

Front 33

MEAL PREP ACTIVITIES: tear lettuce or greens, rinse vegetables or fruits, snap green beans?

Back 33

2 years

Front 34

MEAL PREP ACTIVITIES: mash potatoes, squeeze citrus fruits, still pancake batter?

Back 34

3 years

Front 35

MEAL PREP ACTIVITIES: Peel eggs and some fruits, such as oranges and bananas, crack eggs, help make sandwiches and toss salads?

Back 35

4 years

Front 36

MEAL PREP ACTIVITIES: Measure liquids, cut soft fruits with a dull knife, use an egg beater?

Back 36

5 years

Front 37

Innate ability to control energy intake: Children adjust caloric intake to meet caloric needs, innate ability. Avoid “_______________” and giving food as a reward. Children do not self-select healthy foods. Parental role. Healthful eating habits must be learned.

Back 37

Clean your plate

Front 38

Feeding skills: Parents offer healthy, nutritious meals and snacks. Child-size portions, served attractively. Preschoolers typically do not like their food to be _________, touching, strongly flavored, spicy, too hot or too cold. Child might want the same food all the time because they find it ______________ or want to exert their control.

Back 38

-Mixed

-Comforting

Front 39

Food preferences: Offer new and usual foods. Children like energy ________ foods (often associated with social events – b’day parties, fun). Restricting “________ foods”. Promoting “________ foods”. It may take __-__ exposures to a new food before it is accepted. Kids typically favor sweet and slightly salty over sour and bitter tastes.

Back 39

-Energy

-Special

-Healthy

-8-10

Front 40

Food preference development, appetite, and satiety: Consumption of foods high in sugar and/or fat before meals decreases intake of basic foods. Children are influenced by food ads in _____. Offering ________ portions increases food intake and may promote obesity. Restriction of ___________ foods increases preference for the foods.

Back 40

-TV

-Larger

-Palatable

Front 41

Beverages or foods such as yogurt in which energy/macronutrient content has been varied by the use of various carbohydrate and fat sources. Given before meal or snack and subsequent intake is monitored. This study design has been employed by Birch in his study of appetite, satiety, and food preferences in young children?

Back 41

Preloads

Front 42

Feeding relationship: Parent or caretaker responsibilities:“What” children are offered to eat. The _______________ in which food is served including “when” & “where” foods are offered. Child’s responsibilities:“___________” they eat“____________” they eat a particular meal or snack.

Back 42

-Environment "what" "when" "where"

-How much

-Whether

Front 43

Energy Needs: EER- estimated energy requirements: 13-36 months?

Back 43

(89 x weight in kg - 100) +20 kcal = EER for 13-36 months

Front 44

EER for 3-8 year olds is based on __________ and ___________.

Back 44

-Gender

-Age

Front 45

Estimated Energy Requirement?

Back 45

EER

Front 46

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS: PA = 1.00-PAL ≥ 1.0 < 1.4?

Back 46

Sedentary

Front 47

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS: PA = 1.13-PAL ≥ 1.4 < 1.6?

Back 47

Low Active

Front 48

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS: PA = 1.26-PAL ≥ 1.6 < 1.9?

Back 48

Active

Front 49

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS: PA = 1.42-PAL ≥ 1.9 < 2.5?

Back 49

Very Active

Front 50

A reduction below normal in the number of red blood cells per cubic mm in the quantity of hemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 mL of blood. This reduction occurs when the balance between blood loss and blood production is disturbed?

Back 50

Anemia

Front 51

A protein that is the oxygen-carrying component of the red blood cells. A decrease in this concentration in red blood cells is late indicator of iron deficiency?

Back 51

Hemoglobin

Front 52

An indicator of the proportion of whole blood occupied by red blood cells. A decrease in hematocrit is a late indicator of iron deficiency?

Back 52

Hematocrit

Front 53

PROTEIN DRI: RDA 1-3 years= _______g/day. 4-8 years= ______g/day.

Back 53

-13g

-19g

Front 54

Most toddlers and preschool-age children have adequate vitamin & mineral consumption except for _________, ________, and _________.

Back 54

-Iron

-Calcium

-Zinc

Front 55

IRON DRI: RDA 1-3 years= ________mg/d. 4-8 years= _______mg/d.

Back 55

-7mg/day

-10mg/day

Front 56

ZINC DRI: RDA 1-3 years= ________mg/d. 4-8 years= _______mg/d.

Back 56

-3 mg/day

-5 mg/day

Front 57

CALCIUM DRI: RDA 1-3 years= ________mg/d. 4-8 years= _______mg/d.

Back 57

-700mg/day

-1,000mg/day

Front 58

Prevalent problem among toddlers. May cause delays in cognitive development and behavioral disturbances. Diagnosed by hematocrit and/or hemoglobin concentration?

Back 58

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Front 59

Progression of iron deficiency: increased iron requirements or inadequate iron absorption or inadequate iron intake. Leads to decreased iron store. Leads to iron _____________. Leads to iron _____________. Leads to iron deficiency anemia symptoms.

Back 59

-Deficiency

-Depletion

Front 60

Iron deficiency anemia: more common among ______ income children and african american and mexican children.

Back 60

-Low

Front 61

Less than the 5th percentile of the distribution of hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit in a healthy reference population?

Back 61

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Front 62

Preventing Iron Deficiency:Nutrition - Limit __________ consumption to 24 oz/d since it is a poor source of iron (larger intakes of this may displace high-iron foods).Infants at risk should be tested at 9 to 12 months, 6 months later, and annually from ages 2 to 5 (poverty). Intervention for Iron Deficiency: Iron supplements, Counseling with parents, Repeat screening.

Back 62

-Milk

Front 63

Iron deficiency anemia: nutritional intervention: increased consumption of lean meats, fish, and poultry and the inclusion of sources of vitamin _____ at meal time to increase the absorption of non-meat sources of iron.

Back 63

C

Front 64

Dental Caries: Prevalence: 1 in 3 children ages 3 to 5. Causes:Bedtime bottle with juice or milk, Streptococcus mutans, and Sticky carbohydrate foods. Prevention: ____________—supplemental amounts vary by age & fluoride content of water supply.

Back 64

-Fluoride

Front 65

The presence of one or more decayed (noncavitated or cavitated lesions), missing (due to caries), or filled tooth in a child 71 months of age or younger?

Back 65

ECC (early childhood caries) (nursing bottle caries) (baby bottle tooth decay)

Front 66

The main type of bacteria that causes tooth decay, use carbohydrates for food. The bacteria present in the mouth excretes acid that causes tooth decay?

Back 66

Streptococcus Mutans

Front 67

Food that cause dental caries sticky foods such as ____________. Good snacks that don't are crunchy __________ and ___________.

Back 67

-Carmel

-Apples

-Carrots

Front 68

FLUORIDE: 6 months- 3 years= _______mg/day. If fluoride in water supply has <.3ppm, kids 3-6 years need _____mg/day.

Back 68

-0.25mg/day

-0.5mg/day

Front 69

Develops when the child does not completely empty the rectum which eventually leads to the child retaining a large fecal mass?

Back 69

Stool Holding

Front 70

Major source of lead exposure for young children are __________ lead. Higher rates are found in children living in poverty, minority groups, and recent immigrants. Low levels associated with decreased IQ, impaired motor, behavioral, and physical abilities. High blood levels affect brain, blood, and kidneys. Federal policy requires lead screening of children who are enrolled in medicaid.

Back 70

-Airborne

Front 71

Food Insecurity: more likely to exist in households with children, particularly those headed by __________ men or women, in lower income level households, and black and hispanic households.

Back 71

-Single

-Black

-Hispanic

Front 72

Campylobacter (handling raw poultry), Salmonella (raw/uncooked eggs), and E. Coli (uncooked hamburger meat) are the most common ___________ illnesses.

Back 72

Foodborne

Front 73

Body mass index for age between the 85th and 94th percentiles?

Back 73

Overweight

Front 74

BMI for age greater than or equal to the 95th percentile?

Back 74

Obese

Front 75

A normal increase in BMI that occurs after BMI declines and reaches its lowest point at 4 to 6 years of age?

Back 75

Adiposity or BMI Rebound

Front 76

BMI is lowest from ages ___-___ years, Adiposity (BMI) rebound—normal increase in BMI that occurs after BMI declines. Best treatment is allowing child to “grow into his or her height”. BMI normative values are not available for children under 2 years of age.

Back 76

-4-6

Front 77

Treatment of overweight and obesity expert committee recommendations: Stage 1: prevention plus. Stage 2: Structured weight management. Stage 3: comprehensive multidisciplinary intervention. Stage 4: tertiary care intervention. **

Back 77

**

Front 78

The leading cause of death and a common cause of illness and disability in the US?

Back 78

Heart Disease

Front 79

Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, the lipid most associated with atherosclerotic disease. Diets high in saturated fat, trans fatty acids, and dietary cholesterol have been shown to increase this cholesterol levels?

Back 79

LDL Cholesterol

Front 80

A type of hardening of the arteries in which cholesterol is deposited in the arteries. These deposits narrow the coronary arteries and may reduce the flow of blood to the heart?

Back 80

Atherosclerosis

Front 81

2-10 years: primary beverage is __________________.

Back 81

Fat-free unflavored milk

Front 82

Vitamins and Mineral Supplements: A varied diet provides all vitamins & minerals needed. AAP recommends supplements for certain groups of children:From _________ families, With anorexia, poor appetites or poor diets, FTT, or a dietary program for wt mgmt, those who consume only a few types of foods, Vegetarians without _________ products.

Back 82

-Deprived

-Dairy

Front 83

Top two vitamins that are toxic if given too much of to children?

Back 83

A and D

Front 84

Dietary and Physical Activity Recommendations: Dietary guidelines: Offer a variety of foods, limiting foods high in fat & sugar. ________ minutes of vigorous physical activity each day. ____________ developed by the USDA for young children. Half of grains should be whole. 30-40% fat for 1-3 years. 25-35% fat for 4-18 years.

Back 84

-60 minutes

-Myplate

Front 85

Adequate intake of total fiber for children: 1-3 years= _____g/day. 4-8 years=____g/day.

Back 85

-19g/day

-25g/day

Front 86

The most restrictive of vegetarian diets, allowing only plant food?

Back 86

Vegan

Front 87

Program that improves the growth, iron status, and quality of dietary intake of nutritionally at risk infants and children up to age 5 years?

Back 87

WIC Program

Front 88

Program increases the readiness for school of children from economically disadvantaged families?

Back 88

Head/Early Head Start Program

Front 89

Program designed to help adults in low-income households buy food, thereby improving food security and nutrition of participants?

Back 89

SNAP (supplemental nutrition assistance program)