Nbde Microbiology/pathology Inf

Front 1

Not seen often but when it occurs it is an extension of infection from the mandibular molar teeth into the floor of the mouth, since their roots lie below the attachment of the mylohyoid muscle.

Back 1

Ludwig's Angina

Front 2

What is the first primary characteristic of Ludwig's Angina?

Back 2

Has a brawny induration that doesn't pit.
No fluctuance is present

Front 3

What is the second primary characteristic of Ludwig's Angina?

Back 3

Three facial spaces are involved:
Submandibular
Submental
Sublingual

Front 4

What is the third primary characteristic of Ludwig's Angina?

Back 4

Patient has typical openmouthed appearance

Front 5

What part of Ludwig's Angina causes an emergency situation?

Back 5

May cause swelling to the extent that it blocks the airway.

Front 6

What is used to treat Ludwig's Angina?

Back 6

Antibiotics esp. penicillin or penicillin-like drugs

Front 7

What bacteria are responsible for Ludwig's Angina?

Back 7

Mixed bacteria but Streptococci are almost always present.

Front 8

A chronic infection with Actinomyces usually A. Israelii and is characteristic of slow-growing, deep, lumpy abscesses that extrude a thin, purulent exudate through multiple sinuses.

Back 8

Actinomycosis

Front 9

Where does Actinomycosis develop?

Back 9

Chiefly in the jaw and neck and less frequently in the lungs and alimentary tract.

Front 10

When does the disease of Actinomycosis develop?

Back 10

Following tissue damage that is contaminated with endogenous organism.

Front 11

How can Actinomycosis be treated?

Back 11

Long term Penicillin therapy

Front 12

Actinomycotic lesions have the characteristic _____ _____ in them which are actually colonies of infecting organisms.

Back 12

Sulfur Granules

Front 13

What are the most potent toxins known to humans?

Back 13

Botulism toxins

Front 14

How do Botulism toxins work?

Back 14

Binds to cholinergic nerve receptors and decreases the release of acetylcholine
Causes neuromuscular block

Front 15

What can the effects of botulism eventually lead to?

Back 15

Respiratory failure resulting in death

Front 16

C. Botulism spores are highly resistant to _____, but _____ are not.

Back 16

Heat
Toxins

Front 17

What can prevent botulism?

Back 17

Proper canning and heating of food.

Front 18

Tetanus toxin is a neurotoxin that inhibits _____ release.

Back 18

Glycine

Front 19

How does the tetanus toxin enter the CNS?

Back 19

Through peripheral nerves

Front 20

What is the characteristic fixed smile and raised eyebrows of tetanus?

Back 20

Risus sardonicus

Front 21

What toxin inhibits protein synthesis?

Back 21

Diphtheria

Front 22

A toxin made up of three proteins. one is a protective antigen and two are enzymes that are called edema factor and lethal factor, respectively.

Back 22

Anthrax toxin

Front 23

What type of infections are usually associated with eosinophilia?

Back 23

Parasitic Infections

Front 24

What is defined as a WBC greater than 11,000 per mm^3, is frequently found in the course of routine laboratory testing.

Back 24

Leukocytosis

Front 25

What does an elevated WBC typically reflect?

Back 25

The normal response of bone marrow to an infectious or inflammatory process.

Front 26

What things are neutrophils most commonly associated with?

Back 26

Acute infections (bacterial)
Stress

Front 27

What things are Eosinophils most commonly associated with?

Back 27

Allergy, Asthma
Parasitic infections

Front 28

What things are Lymphocytes most commonly associated with?

Back 28

Tuberculosis
Viral infection

Front 29

What things are Monocytes most commonly associated with?

Back 29

Tuberculosis
Malaria
Rickettsia

Front 30

What 2 bacterial infections seem to lack a leukocytotic effect where there is actually a depression of neutrophils?

Back 30

Typhoid fever
Brucellosis

Front 31

What is a general method of determining if a disease is bacterial or viral?

Back 31

Perform a leukocyte count
- viral infections lower leukocyte numbers

Front 32

What reaction is difficult to differentiate from leukemia and has a leukocyte count of up to 100,000 per cu mm of blood?

Back 32

Leukemoid

Front 33

The lining up of the White Blood Cells along the wall of a vessel.

Back 33

Margination

Front 34

What inhibits the replication of the influenza A virus by interfering with viral attachment and uncoating. it is effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of the influenza A virus

Back 34

Amantadine

Front 35

An acute bacteria caused by Mycobacterium _____ and is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, formation of granulomas with caseation, fibrosis, and cavitation.

Back 35

Tuberculosis (TB)
tuberculosis

Front 36

Where does the TB infection take place?

Back 36

Primarily the lungs but it can spread to other organs

Front 37

What are the two typical hallmark symptoms of TB?

Back 37

Fever and Night sweats

Front 38

Whata re the two types of TB?

Back 38

Primary
Secondary

Front 39

Initial infection that is characterized by the _____ complex (primary lesion in the lung + calcified hilar lymph node). It is most often asymptomatic and usually does not progress to clinically evident disease

Back 39

Primary tuberculosis
Ghon

Front 40

usually results from activation of a prior Ghon complex, which spreads to a new pulmonary or extrapulmonary site. Localized lesions favor _____ lobes of the lung, involvement of the _____ lymph nodes is common, along with tubercle formation.

Back 40

Secondary tuberculosis
Upper
Hilar

Front 41

Caseous granulomas frequently rupture and the contents are expelled and result in cavitary lesions. This is a characteristic of secondary but not primary lesions.

Back 41

Tubercle formation

Front 42

Secondary TB may be complicated by lymphatic hematogenous spread, resulting in _____ TB or _____ TB. This results in the seeding of several organs with multiple, small, millet, seed-like lesions.

Back 42

Miliary
Disseminated

Front 43

What is a characteristic of both Primary and Secondary TB?

Back 43

Granulomatous inflammation

Front 44

The granuloma of TB is referred to as a _____.

Back 44

Tubercle

Front 45

What is TB treated with?

Back 45

Combination of isoniazid + rifampin + pyrazinamide + ethambutol

Front 46

What are the serious side effects of TB treatment?

Back 46

Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Muscle Weakness

Front 47

Acute Appendicitis has its highest incidence at _____ years old. and is unusual under the age of _____.

Back 47

10-19
1

Front 48

What is the most common emergency surgical treatment done?

Back 48

Appendectomies

Front 49

What is McBurney's point?

Back 49

Half-way between a line drawn from the umbilicus to the anterior iliac spine

Front 50

Point tenderness at McBurney's point is indicative of what?

Back 50

Acute pancreatitis

Front 51

What are the clinical findings for Acute appendicitis?

Back 51

Child holding rt. side
Child looking ill and laying quiet
Diffuse abdominal tenderness
Point tenderness at McBurney's Point
Rebound tenderness

Front 52

Pressing the abdomen at McBurney's point causes tenderness in a patient with appendicitis. When the abdomen is pressed, held momentarily, and then rapidly released, the patient may experience a momentary increase in pain.

Back 52

Rebound tenderness

Front 53

Rebound tenderness suggests what about the inflammation of the appendicitis?

Back 53

Spread to the peritoneum

Front 54

What is the physiologic function of the appendix?

Back 54

No known function
Most likely a vestigial structure representing a degenerated portion of the cecum.

Front 55

Chronic inflammation of the intestinal wall. Cause is not known and has no cure. It is characterized by non-necrotizing granulometous inflammation with ulcers, strictures, and fistulas.

Back 55

Crohn's disease

Front 56

The most common neoplasm of the appendix and it rarely metastasizes.

Back 56

Carcinoid tumor

Front 57

Chronic disease in which the large intestine becomes inflamed and ulcerated, leading to episodes of bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever

Back 57

Ulcerative colitis

Front 58

What is gonorrhea a common cause of in women?

Back 58

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Front 59

What is Gonorrhea caused by?

Back 59

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Front 60

A bacterium that can grow and multiply easily in the warm, moist areas of the reproductive tract, including the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in women, and in the urethra in men and women.

Back 60

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Front 61

Where can Neisseria gonorrhoeae grow that is uncommon to the bacteria?

Back 61

Mouth
Throat
Eyes
Anus

Front 62

What is gonorrhea second to in terms of STD prevalence?

Back 62

Chlamydial infections

Front 63

How is gonorrhea usually treated?

Back 63

Single injection of Ceftriaxone plus doxycycline

Front 64

What are the first symptoms that women may have with gonorrhea?

Back 64

Bleeding from sex
Burning Pee
Yellow/Bloody vaginal discharge

Front 65

A general term for the infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes and other reproductive organs.

Back 65

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Front 66

What are the first symptoms that men have with gonorrhea?

Back 66

More often than women
Purulent urethritis
Burning Pee

Front 67

What can gonorrhea cause in men?

Back 67

Epididymitis - painful dondotion of ducts attached to testes can lead to infertility

Front 68

What two things can gonorrhea often occur with?

Back 68

Chlamydia and syphilis

Front 69

What is the most common STD?
What is it caused by?

Back 69

Chlamydial cervicitis
C. trachomatis
(often asymptomatic)

Front 70

What do young women who contract chlamydial cervicitis also often acquire?

Back 70

Salpingitis (inflammation of fallopian tubes)

Front 71

Contagious, systemic venereal or congenital disease caused by the spirochete _____ _____. Begins in the mucus membranes and quickly spreads to nearby lymph nodes and the bloodstream.

Back 71

Syphilis
Treponeum pallidum

Front 72

How is Syphilis transmitted

Back 72

Sexual contact during second stage of infection
Mother to fetus is possible

Front 73

What are the three stages of syphilis?

Back 73

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

Front 74

Stage of syphilis in which firm, painless ulcer known as a _____ which appears _____ after the site of local contact. The lips are the most common site of these.

Back 74

Primary Syphilis
Chancre
3-6 weeks

Front 75

Highly infectious stage of syphilis that occurs 6 weeks after non-treatment. A _____ rash and _____ _____ (gray, flattened, wart-like lesions) appear on the skin and mucosal surfaces.

Back 75

Secondary Syphilis
Maculopapular
Condyloma lata

Front 76

Stage of syphilis that occurs in 30% of infected persons many years after non-treatment. The _____ (focal nodular mass) typifies this stage. Most commonly occurs on the palate and tongue. Neurologic symptoms are evident at this stage.

Back 76

Tertiary syphilis
Gumma

Front 77

What can the tertiary stage of syphilis cause if left untreated?

Back 77

Irreversible heart failure
Dementia
Disability

Front 78

What is the treatment of syphilis in all stages?

Back 78

Parenteral Penicillin G

Front 79

Benign squamous cell carcinoma caused by the HPV virus. It is an STD and is most common in the anogenital region, often has multiple lesions, and is treated by surgical excision.

Back 79

Condyloma acuminatum

Front 80

What is encephalitis most often caused by?

Back 80

Viral infection

Front 81

Severe inflammation of the brain, usually caused by a mosquito-borne or, in some areas, tick-borne virus. Transmission may also occur through injestion of infected goat's milk or by accidental inhalation of the virus.

Back 81

Encephalitis

Front 82

In this disease intense lymphocytic infiltration of the brain tissues and the _____ causes cerebral edema, degeneration of the brain's ganglion cells, and diffuse nerve cell destruction.

Back 82

Encephalitis
leptomeninges

Front 83

What viruses are responsible for encephalitis?

Back 83

Arboviruses in rural areas
Enteroviruses in Urban areas
Others: Herpes, mumps, HIV, adenoviruses

Front 84

Disease where the brain and spinal cord meninges become inflamed. Caused by a number of organisms and its most common cause is hemophilus influenzae esp. in children under two. the organisms are thought to enter the body through the nose and throat.

Back 84

Meningitis

Front 85

What are the bacteria most responsible for meningitis?

Back 85

Neisseria meningitidis
Streptococcus Pneumoniae

Front 86

A syndrome that is an overwhelming, rapidly progressive infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis, and produces severe diarrhea, vomiting, seizures, internal bleeding (bilateral adrenal hemorrhage), low blood pressure, shock, and often death.

Back 86

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

Front 87

If an infection occurs more frequently than normal within a population.

Back 87

Epidemic

Front 88

If an infection occurs worldwide

Back 88

Pandemic

Front 89

If an infection occurs at minimal levels within a population

Back 89

Endemic

Front 90

If a disease is highly communicable what term is applied to it?

Back 90

Contagious

Front 91

A short term active infection with symptoms

Back 91

Acute

Front 92

A long-term active infection with symptoms

Back 92

Chronic

Front 93

Many infections are unapparent or _____ and can only be detected by demonstrating a rise in _____ _____ or isolating the organism.

Back 93

Subclinical
Antibody titer

Front 94

Some infections result in a _____ _____ after which reactivation of the growth of the organism and recurrence of symptoms may occur.

Back 94

Latent State

Front 95

Some infections lead to a _____ _____ state, in which the organisms continue to grow with or without producing symptoms in the host.

Back 95

Chronic Carrier