Nbde Microbiology/pathology Terms

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A symbiotic relationship in which both members of the association benefit

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Mutualism

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Describes a close physical association between the individuals of two (or more) different species. It may result in a stable condition in which the two organisms live together in close physical proximity.

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Symbiosis

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What are the two different forms of mutualism?

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Obligate
Facultative

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In which it is necessary to the survival of at least one of the organisms involved

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Obligate Mutualism

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Beneficial but not essential to the survival of the organisms involved.

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Facultative Mutualism

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This type of interaction benefits one species while leaving the other one unaffected. Often host provides a home and transportation for the other species

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Commensalism

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Symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which one species benefits in terms of growth and development to the harm of the other species

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Parasites

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Parasites can be differentiated into _____ and _____, depending on whether they live in or on the host

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Ectoparasites
Endoparasites

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In the living cell, DNA undergoes frequent chemical change, especially in when it is being replicated or in the _____ phase.

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S phase

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What is mutation?

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Failure of DNA repair

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How are mutations caused?

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Mutagens
UV light
Radiation
Chemicals
Certain Viruses

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Results in no detectable change at the level of the protein synthesized

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Silent Mutations
ex: ACC and ACA both code for threonine

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The change in DNA base sequence results in a change in the mRNA that is translates into a difference in the amino acid added to the growing polypeptide chain

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Missense Mutation

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The change in the DNA base sequence results in a change in the mRNA (results in a stop codon) that translates into premature chain termination. Protein function is usually profoundly affected.

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Nonsense Mutation

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A point mutation in which the base substitution for the orientation of purine and pyrimidine is reversed.

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Transverse Mutation

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A point mutation involving substitution of one base pair for another by replacement of one purine by another purine and of one pyrimidine by another pyrimidine but without change in the purine-pyrimidine orientation.

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Transition Mutation

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A mutation that inserts or deletes a number of nucleotides not divisible by three and thus disrupts the reading frame. Most codons after the mutation will code for different amino acids. Most of the time the resulting protein is not functional

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Frameshift Mutation

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_____ is the shrinkage in cell size by the loss of cellular substance

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Atrophy

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What are the causes of cellular injury?

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Hypoxia/Ischemia
Chemical Agent
Physical Agents
Infectious Agents
Immunological Reactions
Genetic Defects
Nutritional Defects
Aging

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What are some of the causes of cellular atrophy?

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Decreased Workload
Pressure
Diminished blood supply/nutrition
Loss of endocrine function
aging

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An increase in cell size by gain of cellular substance. Caused by either increased functional demand or by specific endocrine stimulation

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Hypertrophy

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Constitutes an increase in the number of indiginous cells in an organ or tissue. Pathologically it is typically the result of excessive endocrine stimulation.

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Hyperplasia

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What is the predisposing condition to Neoplasia?

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Hyperplasia

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A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another cell type. A cellular adaptation in which indigenous cells are replaced by cells that are better suited to tolerate a specific abnormal environment.

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Metaplasia

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What is the most common type of epithelial metaplasia?

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Involves replacement of columnar cells by stratified squamous epithelium

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A failure of cell production. During fetal development, results in agenesis (the absence of an organ)

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Aplasia

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A decrease in cell production less extreme than aplasia

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Hypoplasia

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Self tissue transferred from one body site to another in the same individual ( often for burns)

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Autologous graft

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Tissue transferred between genetically identical individuals

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Syngeneic Graft

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Tissue transferred between genetically different members of the same species

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Allogeneic Graft

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Tissue transferred between different species

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Xenogeneic Graft

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In minutes to hours tissue never becomes vascularized, because there is preexisting host serum _____ specific for _____ in the graft.

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Hyperacute rejection
Ab (IgG)
Ag

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Also known as cell-mediated allograft rejection): days to weeks later, this occurs when there are memory _____ and _____ T cells from previous exposures to graft.

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Acute rejection
CD4
CD8

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Months or years after acute rejection has subsided. Both humoral and cell mediated. Antibody-mediated necrosis of graft vascularture.

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Chronic rejection

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What is the most feared consequence of graft therapy in a patient with an immunodeficiency in which transplanted immunogenic cells from the donor attack the host. Where is this most commonly seen?

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Graft Versus Host Rejection (GVHD)
Commonly after bone marrow transplant

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A second set rejection occurs more _____ because the individual has been previously sensitized to the graft.

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Rapidly

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What immunoglobulins elicit the most destruction in graft rejection?

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CD4 and CD8

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What are the most common types of hyperacute rejection?

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ABO blood mismatches

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_____ refers to the cellular degradation by enzymes derived from sources extrinsic to the cell.

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Heterolysis

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The morphologic appearance of dead cells depends on what two degenerative processes?

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Enzymatic digestion
Protein denaturation

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What happens if enzymatic digestion predominates?

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Dead cells are likely removed completely.

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Self digestion of the cell.

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Autolysis

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What are the patterns of irreversible damage to the nucleus?

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Karyolysis
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis

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A gradual fading away of the basophilic nuclear material, presumably as a result of the activity of DNAases

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Karyolysis

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The nucleus shrinks and becomes intensely basophilic; the DNA is packed into a solid shrunken mass.

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Pyknosis

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The pyknotic nucleus undergoes fragmentation and completely disappears in 1 to 2 days

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Karyorrhexis

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Programmed cell death which plays a major role in opposing that of mitosis in regulating the size of cell populations

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Apoptosis

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Death of one or more cells, or a portion of tissue or organ. It is the result of irreversible exogenous injury that results in an insufficient blood supply to the tissue, whether from injury, radiation or chemicals.

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Necrosis

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In contrast to necrosis, in apoptosis there is no:

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- breakdown in mechanisms supplying cellular energy
- failure in maintenance normal cell volume
- rupture of plasma membranes
- acute inflammatory reaction elicited by death