Natural Disasters Exam 1

Front 1

What is the core composed of?

Back 1

Metalic iron and nickel

Front 2

What is the mantle composed of?

Back 2

magnesium and iron rich sulfates

Front 3

what is the crust composed of?

Back 3

aluminum rich silicates

Front 4

Describe the core

Back 4

solid inner core, molten outer core

Front 5

asthenosphere

Back 5

partially melted zone in upper mantle

Front 6

Lithosphere

Back 6

rigid uppermost mantle and crust

Front 7

why does the outer core convect?

Back 7

release of heat from the inner core

Front 8

ocean crust is _______-

Back 8

continuosly being created and destroyed

Front 9

name the 3 types of earth boundaries

Back 9

divergent, convergent, transform

Front 10

divergent boundary

Back 10

Move away from each other, small earthquakes and faults

Front 11

Transform boundary

Back 11

lateral fault movement, earthquakes

Front 12

convergent boundary

Back 12

move towards each other, subduction zones, mountains, volcanoes,

Front 13

what moves the earths plates

Back 13

heat released from earths interior causes convection in the mantle

Front 14

how much do they move

Back 14

2-15 cm a year

Front 15

what can cause an earthquake

Back 15

meteorite, landslides, magma moving in a volcano, movement along a fault

Front 16

Stress

Back 16

an applied force and its direction

Front 17

strain

Back 17

a change of shape in response to a force

Front 18

3 types of stress

Back 18

tensional, compressional, shearing

Front 19

3 types of strain

Back 19

elastic, plastic, brittle

Front 20

elastic deformation

Back 20

reversible, return to original shape when stress removed

Front 21

plastic deformation

Back 21

irreversible, change in shape from stress is permanent

Front 22

brittle deformation

Back 22

rocks fracture when elastic limit reached

Front 23

what are seismic waves

Back 23

vibrations that carry away enourmous energy released by fault movement

Front 24

two types of body waves

Back 24

p waves, s waves

Front 25

two types of surface waves

Back 25

love waves, rayeigh waves

Front 26

P waves

Back 26

Primary waves, first to arrive, can pass through anything

Front 27

S waves

Back 27

secondary waves, only pass through solids

Front 28

Love waves

Back 28

sideways motion of land surface

Front 29

Rayleigh waves

Back 29

circular rolling motion

Front 30

what is an earthquakes focus

Back 30

site of first motion along the fault, located below the surface

Front 31

what is an earthquakes epicenter

Back 31

point on the surface directly above the focus

Front 32

fault plane

Back 32

the fractured surface

Front 33

fault rupture

Back 33

extent of surface along which the fault moved

Front 34

how to calculate the distance to epicenter

Back 34

time delay between p and s waves

Front 35

earthquake intensity

Back 35

measure the effect of an earthquake (human response and physical damage)

Front 36

earthquake magnitude

Back 36

measure of energy realeased

Front 37

richter magnitude

Back 37

measures the largest sysmic wave

Front 38

moment magnitude

Back 38

takes into account the fault rupture

Front 39

strong motion

Back 39

measure of acceleration

Front 40

effects of ground shaking

Back 40

permanent change in surface

Front 41

factors in landslides

Back 41

steepness of slope, composition of material, water content

Front 42

slumps

Back 42

rotational landslide, material moves along a concaved, curved surface

Front 43

rock falls

Back 43

free falls from a cliff

Front 44

rock and debris avalanches

Back 44

high velocity, travel a long way

Front 45

earthflows

Back 45

flow of mixed soil, water, rock

Front 46

Liquification: flow

Back 46

fluid sediment flows horizontally, collapse of bridges or roads

Front 47

Liquification: flotation

Back 47

objects adjust to buoancy level

Front 48

Liquification: fountaining

Back 48

weight of overlaying layers force fluididized sand upwards

Front 49

impoundment floods

Back 49

blocking of river by landslide

Front 50

damburst flood

Back 50

failure of damn or levee

Front 51

displacemnt waves

Back 51

waves created by landslide into water

Front 52

transgression floods

Back 52

permenent shift in shoreline causing a loss of land

Front 53

seiches

Back 53

sloshing of water back in forth in a lake or bay

Front 54

bores

Back 54

single wave crests that move in a river upstream

Front 55

best earthquake foundation?

Back 55

bedrock

Front 56

best materials for earthquake

Back 56

wood, steel, reinforced concrete