Nasm Cpt Ch 4

Front 1

Comprised of muscles that provide joint support and stabilization.

Present throughout the core and connect directly to the spine to produce inter- and intra-segmental support for the vertebrae during functional movements.

stabilize the spine to allow the rest of the body a steady place to produce force from.

Back 1

Local Musculature System (Stabilization)

Ch 4

Front 2

transverse abdominus, multifidus, internal oblique, diaphragm, and the pelvic floor muscles

Back 2

Primary local-system muscles

Ch 4

Front 3

Made up of the larger, more superficial muscles that work synergistically to create functional movement.

Movements involve force-couple relationships to create force around the joints, as well as transfer and absorb forces from the upper and lower extremities to the LPHC.

Back 3

Global Musculature System (Movement)

Ch 4

Front 4

deep longitudinal sub-system (DLS)

posterior oblique sub-system (POS)

anterior oblique sub-system (AOS)

lateral sub-system (LS)

Back 4

Four sub-systems of the global movement system

Ch 4

Front 5

Works synergistically to transfer and absorb ground reaction forces between the trunk and the ground.

Peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, long head of the biceps femoris, sacrotuberous ligament,

thoracolumbar fascia, erector spinae

Back 5

Deep Longitudinal Sub-system (DLS)

Ch 4

Front 6

Consists of the latissimus dorsi and the contralateral gluteus maximus, with the thoracolumbar fascia creating a fascial bridge for the cross-body connection.

Works concurrently with the DLS to absorb and distribute forces during walking or running.

Highly important in rotational movements, provide an important role in LPHC stabilization.

Work concurrently with the AOS to support rotational patterns.

Right and left latissimus dorsi, and right and left gluteus maximus muscles=“X” pattern on the posterior body

Back 6

Posterior Oblique Sub-system (POS)

Ch 4

Front 7

Internal and external obliques, the adductor complex, and the hip external rotators.

External obliques and contralateral adductors= “X” pattern made across the front of the body.

Synergistic coupling creates stability throughout the LPHC.

Aids in rotational movements, leg swing, and SIJ stabilization.

Back 7

Anterior Oblique Sub-system (AOS)

Ch 4

Front 8

Made up the gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae (TFL), and adductors on the same side (ipsilateral) of the body, and the quadratus lumborum (QL) on the opposite side (contralateral).

Works to maintain frontal plane stabilization of the LPHC, as well as patelloralfemoral stability.

Dysfunction is noticeable in squatting patterns when knees cave inward from hip adduction and internal rotation, femur-on-tibial external Also indicated if there is hip hiking or hip dropping, with unwanted frontal plane movement characterized by decreased strength and neuromuscular control.

Back 8

Lateral Sub-system (LS)

Ch 4

Front 9

Nerve impulses that move toward thespinal cord and brain from the periphery of the body and are sensory in nature.

Back 9

Afferent neurons

Ch 4

Front 10

Muscle that works asthe prime mover of a joint exercise.

Back 10

Agonist

Ch 4

Front 11

Process by which a short muscle, a tight muscle, and/or myofascialadhesions in the muscle cause decreased neural drive of its functionalantagonist

Back 11

Altered reciprocal inhibition

Ch 4

Front 12

Muscles that opposethe prime mover

Back 12

Antagonists

Ch 4

Front 13

Subsystem of the global movement system composed of the internal andexternal obliques, the adductor complex, and the hip external rotators. Thesynergistic coupling of the AOS creates stability from the trunk, through thepelvis, and to the hips. It contributes to rotational movements, leg swing, andstabilization. The AOS and POS work together in enabling rotational forceproduction in the transverse plane

Back 13

Anterior oblique subsystem (AOS)

Ch 4

Front 14

Portion of theskeleton that includes the bones that connect to the spinal column includingthe upper extremities and lower extremities

Back 14

Appendicular skeleton

Ch 4

Front 15

Vessels thattransport blood away from the heart

Back 15

Arteries

Ch 4

Front 16

The motions of thejoints in the body

Back 16

Arthrokinematics

Ch 4

Front 17

Small mass ofspecialized cardiac muscle fibers located on the wall of the right atrium ofthe heart that receives impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node and directs themto the walls of the ventricles

Back 17

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Ch 4

Front 18

Valves that allow for proper blood flow from the atria to theventricles

Back 18

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

Ch 4

Front 19

Portion of theskeletal system that consists of the bones of the skull, rib cage, andvertebral column

Back 19

Axial skeleton

Ch 4

Front 20

A cylindricalprojection from the cell body that transmits nerve impulses to other neurons oreffector sites

Back 20

Axon

Ch 4

Front 21

The examination ofhow biological structural integrity may occur

Back 21

Biotensegrity

Ch 4

Front 22

The smallest bloodvessels and the site of water and gas exchange between the blood and tissues

Back 22

Capillaries

Ch 4

Front 23

Heart ratemultiplied by stroke volume; a measure of the overall performance of the heart

Back 23

Cardiac output (Q̇)

Ch 4

Front 24

System of the body composed of the cardiovascular and respiratorysystems

Back 24

Cardiorespiratory system

Ch 4

Front 25

System of the bodycomposed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels

Back 25

Cardiovascular system

Ch 4

Front 26

The portion of theneuron that contains the nucleus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and Golgi complex

Back 26

Cell body

Ch 4

Front 27

The division of the nervous system comprising the brain and the spinalcord. Its primary function is to coordinate activity of all parts of the body

Back 27

Central nervous system (CNS)

Ch 4

Front 28

A cycle whereby an injury will induce inflammation, muscle spasm,adhesions, altered neuromuscular control, and muscle imbalances. Muscleimbalance can lead to more inflammation, and the cycle repeats

Back 28

Cumulative injury cycle

Ch 4

Front 29

Subsystem of the global movement system that includes the peroneuslongus, anterior tibialis, long head of the biceps femoris, sacrotuberousligament, thoracolumbar fascia, and erector spinae. These muscles work togetherto create a contracting tension to absorb and control ground reaction forcesduring gait

Back 29

Deep longitudinal subsystem (DLS)

Ch 4

Front 30

The portion of aneuron that is responsible for gathering information from other structures

Back 30

Dendrite

Ch 4

Front 31

Motor neurons that send a message for muscles to contract

Back 31

Efferent neurons

Ch 4

Front 32

Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint

Back 32

Force-couple relationship

Ch 4

Front 33

An organ thatsecretes hormones into the bloodstream to regulate a variety of bodilyfunctions, such as mood, growth and development, tissue function, or metabolism

Back 33

Gland

Ch 4

Front 34

System composed of four subsystems that are designed for larger musclesto work synergistically in larger movement patterns, such as a combinationsquat to row exercise

Back 34

Global muscular system

Ch 4

Front 35

Receptorssensitive to the change in tension of the muscle, and the rate of that change.

Back 35

Golgi tendon organs (GTOs)

Ch 4

Front 36

The rate at which the heart pumps;usually measured in beats per minute (bpm).

Back 36

Heart rate (HR)

Ch 4

Front 37

Chemical messengersthat enter the bloodstream to attach to target tissues and target organs

Back 37

Hormones

Ch 4

Front 38

Decrease in normal movement andfunctionality of a joint, which affects range of motion

Back 38

Hypomobility

Ch 4

Front 39

Only located withinthe spinal cord and brain; receive impulses from afferent (sensory) neurons andconduct back out to provide a motor (efferent) response

Back 39

Interneurons

Ch 4

Front 40

Receptors in andaround a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of thejoint

Back 40

Joint receptors

Ch 4

Front 41

The combination andinterrelation of the actions of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems tocreate movement

Back 41

Kinetic chain

Ch 4

Front 42

Composed of thegluteus medius, tensor fascia, latae, adductor complex, and quadratus lumborum,all of which participate in frontal plane and pelvofemoral stability

Back 42

Lateral sub-system (LS)

Ch 4

Front 43

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produceat that resting length

Back 43

Length–tension relationship (LTR)

Ch 4

Front 44

Strong connective tissuethat connects bone to bone.

Back 44

Ligament

Ch 4

Front 45

The highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization achieved atmaximal physical exertion

Back 45

Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)

Ch 4

Front 46

Sensory receptorsresponsible for sensing distortion in body tissues

Back 46

Mechanoreceptors

Ch 4

Front 47

Motor response tointernal and external environmental stimuli

Back 47

Motor behavior

Ch 4

Front 48

How the centralnervous system integrates internal and external sensory information withprevious experiences to produce a motor response

Back 48

Motor control

Ch 4

Front 49

The change in motorskill behavior over time throughout the lifespan

Back 49

Motor development

Ch 4

Front 50

The integration ofmotor control processes with practice and experience that leads to relativelypermanent changes in the body’s capacity to produce skilled movements

Back 50

Motor learning

Ch 4

Front 51

Response to stimulithat activates movement in organs or muscles

Back 51

Motor output

Ch 4

Front 52

Receptors sensitiveto change in length of the muscle, and the rate of that change

Back 52

Muscle spindles

Ch 4

Front 53

The consecutivelinking of neurons by electrochemical signals that travel throughout the nervefiber

Back 53

Nerve impulses

Ch 4

Front 54

A conglomeration ofbillions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication networkwithin the human body

Back 54

Nervous system

Ch 4

Front 55

The ability of the neuromuscular system to enable all muscles (agonists,antagonists, synergists, and stabilizers) to work synergistically to produce,reduce, and dynamically stabilize the entire kinetic chain

Back 55

Neuromuscular efficiency—

Ch 4

Front 56

The functional unitof the nervous system

Back 56

Neuron

Ch 4

Front 57

Joints that do nothave a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage

Back 57

Nonsynovial joints

Ch 4

Front 58

(1) Repetitivephysical activity that moves through the same patterns of motion, placing thesame stresses on the body over time

Back 58

Pattern overload

Ch 4

Front 59

The neuromotorresponse of the pelvic girdle and lower extremity that serves to orient thebody region in response to head position and visual cues

Back 59

Pelvo-ocular reflex

Ch 4

Front 60

Subsystemof the global movement system composed of the latissimus dorsi and thecontralateral gluteus maximus, with the thoracolumbar fascia creating a fascialbridge for the cross body connection. These muscles create a nearly straightline with each other across the sacroiliac joint, and when they both contractthey produce a pulling force across the thoracolumbar fascia and stabilizationforce at the sacroiliac joint (force closure). This system works concurrentlywith the DLS during gait.

Back 60

Posterior oblique subsystem (POS)

Ch 4

Front 61

Position and bearingof the body for alignment and function of the kinetic chain

Back 61

Posture

Ch 4

Front 62

The cumulativesensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors thatsense body position and limb movements

Back 62

Proprioception

Ch 4

Front 63

The range throughwhich a joint may be freely moved with no resistance or pain

Back 63

Range of motion (ROM)

Ch 4

Front 64

The simultaneouscontraction of one muscle and the relaxation of its antagonist to allowmovement to take place

Back 64

Reciprocal inhibition

Ch 4

Front 65

Frequent immobility, which holds the potential for repetitive stressinjuries

Back 65

Repetitive lack of motion

Ch 4

Front 66

Injury due to pattern overload

Back 66

Repetitive stress injury (RSI)

Ch 4

Front 67

System of the bodycomposed of the lungs and respiratory passages that collect oxygen from theexternal environment and transport it to the bloodstream

Back 67

Respiratory system

Ch 4

Front 68

A specialized area of cardiac tissuelocated in the right atrium of the heart that initiates the electrical impulsesthat determine the heart rate; often termed the “pacemaker for the heart.”

Back 68

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Ch 4

Front 69

The muscles whoseprimary function is to provide joint support and stabilization; also known asthe local muscular system

Back 69

Stabilization system

Ch 4

Front 70

Muscles thatminimize unwanted movement while the agonist and synergists work to providemovement at the joint

Back 70

Stabilizers

Ch 4

Front 71

The amount of bloodpumped out of the heart with each contraction

Back 71

Stroke volume (SV)

Ch 4

Front 72

The structuralalignment of the muscular and skeletal systems that allows the body to maintainbalance in relation to its center of gravity

Back 72

Structural efficiency

Ch 4

Front 73

Less than optimal body positioning that when repeated reinforces poormotor patterns and can lead to abnormal stress and pattern overload

Back 73

Suboptimal positioning

Ch 4

Front 74

When synergists takeover function for a weak or inhibited prime movers

Back 74

Synergistic dominance

Ch 4

Front 75

Muscles that assistthe prime mover in a joint action

Back 75

Synergists

Ch 4

Front 76

Joints that are heldtogether by a joint capsule and ligaments; type of joint most associated withmovement in the body

Back 76

Synovial joints

Ch 4

Front 77

Cells that havehormone-specific receptors, ensuring that each hormone will communicate onlywith specific target cells

Back 77

Target cells

Ch 4

Front 78

Connective tissuethat attaches muscle to bone

Back 78

Tendon

Ch 4

Front 79

Term coined byBuckminster Fuller that refers to a skeletal structure in which compression andtension are used to give a structure its form, providing stability andefficiency in mass and movement

Back 79

Tensegrity

Ch 4

Front 80

Vessels thattransport blood from the capillaries toward the heart

Back 80

Veins

Ch 4

Front 81

The inferiorchambers of the heart that receive blood from their corresponding atrium and,in turn, force blood into the arteries

Back 81

Ventricles

Ch 4

Front 82

Ability to stretchlinearly

Back 82

Viscoelastic

Ch 4

Front 83

Lifestyle, repetitious movement, lack ofmovement, injury, and other medical conditions can all influence the creationof imbalances within the kinetic chain

Back 83

Contributors of Kinetic Chain Dysfunction

Ch 4

Front 84

Two concepts are involved when muscle imbalances lead to greater typesof kinetic chain dysfunction: altered reciprocal inhibition, and synergisticdominance. One leads to the other, and are both important concepts to considerin developing correct exercise protocols for clients.

Back 84

Scientific Concepts of Movement Dysfunction

Ch 4

Front 85

Essential to train as part of anyexercise regimen. The interworking system comprised of the respiratorysystem (lungs, breathing) and the cardiovascular system (heart, blood vessels,blood).

Back 85

The Cardiorespiratory System

Ch 4

Front 86

A system oforgans, known as glands, that secrete hormones. Hormones regulate a variety ofbodily functions that play a direct role in everything from bodily growth,tissue functions, and exercise performance, to metabolism and even mood.

Back 86

The Endocrine System

Ch 4

Front 87

Formedwhere one bone meets another. They are the primary points of movement withinthe body

Back 87

Joints

Ch 4

Front 88

To functionally move and stabilize all human bodies, there are twomajor systems of interacting muscles: the local stabilization system, and theglobal movement system. The global system is further broken down into foursubsystems that work together to transfer forces between our bodies and theground while we move

Back 88

Integrated Muscle Systems

Ch 4

Front 89

Muscles work together in unison with variousdiffering functions to accomplish movement. These interactions are referred toas a force-couple relationship, where some muscles produce force and shorten,others reduce force and lengthen, and a third set works to stabilize the jointall during the same movement

Back 89

Interrelationships of Muscles

Ch 4