Nasm Cpt 4

Front 1

Biomechanics

Back 1

A study that uses principles of physics to quantitatively study how forces interact within a living body

Front 2

Superior

Back 2

Above

Front 3

Inferior

Back 3

Below

Front 4

Proximal

Back 4

Nearest to the center of the body or to a point of reference

Front 5

Distal

Back 5

Farthest from the center of the body or point of reference

Front 6

Anterior

Back 6

Front- head- before

Front 7

Ventral

Back 7

Front- abdomen

Front 8

Posterior

Back 8

Back- feet- after

Front 9

Dorsal

Back 9

Back

Front 10

Medial

Back 10

Relatively closer to the midline of the body

Front 11

Lateral

Back 11

Relatively further to the side from the midline of the body

Front 12

Contralateral

Back 12

Positioned on the opposite side of the body

Front 13

Ipsilateral

Back 13

Positioned on the same side of the body

Front 14

Plane

Back 14

A flat surface

Front 15

Axis

Back 15

A straight line about which motion occurs; the line is perpendicular to the plane of that name

Front 16

Sagittal plane

Back 16

Imaginary vertical plane which bisects the body into right & left halves

Front 17

Sagittal plane motion

Back 17

Motion primarily front and back move in this plane: flexion/extension; biceps/glute curl, quad/triceps extension, squat, calf raise, walking/running

Front 18

Flexion

Back 18

Bending a joint so that the angle of the joint decreases

Front 19

Extension

Back 19

Bending a joint so that the angle of the joint increases

Front 20

Dorsiflexion

Back 20

Ankle flexion, toes move to the upper portion of the foot, to shin

Front 21

Plantarflexion

Back 21

Ankle extension, toes down towards the sole of the foot

Front 22

Frontal plane

Back 22

Imaginary vertical plane which bisects the body into front (ventral) and back (dorsal) sections

Front 23

Adduction

Back 23

Movement of a body part toward the middle of the body in the frontal plane decreasing joint angle

Front 24

Frontal plane motion

Back 24

Motion in this plane includes adduction/abduction, lateral flexion- spine & neck, eversion/inversion, side lateral raises, side lunges, side shuffles

Front 25

Lateral flexion

Back 25

Bending the spine or neck to the side

Front 26

Eversion (foot pronation)

Back 26

Turning the sole of the foot inward resulting in pressure and wear on the inner edge of the shoe

Front 27

Inversion (foot supination)

Back 27

Turning the outside edge of the sole of the foot downward resulting in more pressure and wear on the outer edge of the shoe

Front 28

Transverse plane

Back 28

The imaginary plane that divides the body into top and bottom halves

Front 29

Transverse plane motion

Back 29

Motion in this plane include internal/external rotation, left/right rotation & horizontal adduction/abduction: trunk rotation, golf swing, throwing a ball, swinging a bat

Front 30

Internal rotation

Back 30

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body

Front 31

External rotation

Back 31

Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body

Front 32

Knee flexion

Back 32

Movement of heel towards the hamstrings, leg curl

Front 33

Hip flexion

Back 33

Movement of the thigh or top of the pelvis forward

Front 34

Hip extension

Back 34

Movement of the thigh or top of the pelvis backward

Front 35

Hip adduction

Back 35

Movement of the thigh inward with hip straight

Front 36

Hip abduction

Back 36

Movement of the thigh outward with hip straight

Front 37

Hip transverse adduction

Back 37

Movement of the thigh inward with hip bent

Front 38

Hip transverse abduction

Back 38

Movement of the thigh outward with hip bent

Front 39

Hip internal rotation

Back 39

Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of the femur toward the center of the body; turning the thigh or pelvis inward.

Front 40

Hip external rotation

Back 40

Rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of the femur away from the center of the body; turning the thigh or pelvis outward.

Front 41

Shoulder flexion

Back 41

Movement of upper arm upward to the front

Front 42

Shoulder extension

Back 42

Movement of upper arm downward to the rear

Front 43

Shoulder abduction

Back 43

Movement of upper arm up to the side away from body

Front 44

Shoulder adduction

Back 44

Movement of upper arm down to the side toward the body

Front 45

Shoulder medial rotation (internal rotation)

Back 45

Rotary movement of the upper arm inward

Front 46

Shoulder lateral rotation (external rotation)

Back 46

Rotary movement outward of the upper arm when it is bent at the waist

Front 47

Forearm (radioulnar) pronation

Back 47

Internal rotation of the forearm resulting in the palm moving or facing posteriorly or down

Front 48

Forearm (radioulnar) supination

Back 48

External rotation of the forearm resulting in the palm moving or facing anteriorly or up

Front 49

Thoracic/lumbar flexion

Back 49

Bending the spine resulting in a decrease of angle; moving the spine forward, the thorax toward the pelvis, crunch

Front 50

Thoracic/lumbar extension/hyperextension

Back 50

Straightening the spine resulting in an increase of angle; moving the spine back; the thorax moving away from the pelvis, superman

Front 51

Thoracic/lumbar lateral flexion (abduction)

Back 51

Lateral movement of the spine away from the mid-line of the body; bending to the side (left or right); the thorax moves to the side toward the pelvis, side bends

Front 52

Thoracic/lumbar adduction

Back 52

Straightening the spine from lateral flexion

Front 53

Thoracic/lumbar rotation

Back 53

Rotary movement of the spine; turning the spine to the side (right or left), twists

Front 54

Concentric contraction

Back 54

Muscle contraction moving opposite to the direction of force (resistance); accelerates or produces force; shortens muscle

Front 55

Eccentric contraction

Back 55

Muscle contraction in the same direction as the force/with less force exerted than force placed upon it; decelerate or reduce the force; lengthens muscle

Front 56

Negatives

Back 56

Another name for eccentric muscle actions

Front 57

Isometric contraction

Back 57

Muscle contraction in which the force exerted equals the forces acting upon it; dynamically stabilize the body, no appreciable change in muscle length

Front 58

Force

Back 58

An influence applied by one object to another which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object; characterized by magnitude and direction

Front 59

Length-tension relationship

Back 59

The length at which a muscle can produce the greatest force

Front 60

Force-velocity curve

Back 60

The ability of muscles to produce force in relation to velocity. Concentric- force decreases with velocity; Eccentric- force increases with velocity

Front 61

Force-couple

Back 61

Synergistic action of muscle groups moving together but in opposite directions to produce rotational movement around a joint

Front 62

Rotary motion

Back 62

Movement of the bones around the joints (axis)

Front 63

Torque

Back 63

A force that produces rotation; the turning effect of the joint due to rotary motion

Front 64

Weight distance

Back 64

The closer a weight is to the joint, the more torque it creates & vice versa

Front 65

Motor behavior

Back 65

The kinetic chain's response to internal and external environmental stimuli

Front 66

Motor control

Back 66

The involved structures and mechanisms that the central nervous system uses to assimilate and integrate sensory information with previous experiences

Front 67

Synergies

Back 67

Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement

Front 68

Proprioception

Back 68

The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors (muscle spindles, GTOs & joint receptors) that sense position and limb movements

Front 69

Sensorimotor integration

Back 69

The cooperation of the nervous and muscular systems in gathering information, interpreting, and executing movement

Front 70

Motor learning

Back 70

Repeated practice of motor control processes which lead to a change in the ability to produce complex movements

Front 71

Feedback

Back 71

The use of internal and external sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the kinetic chain in motor learning

Front 72

Internal feedback

Back 72

The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment

Front 73

External feedback

Back 73

Information provided by some external source such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor to supplement the internal environment

Front 74

Muscle action spectrum

Back 74

The combination of concentric, eccentric, and isometric muscle contractions that are produced to manipulate gravity, ground reaction forces, momentum, and external resistance