Nasm Cpt 2

Front 1

Kinetic chain

Back 1

The equation for movement; the combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems which is responsible for movement

Front 2

Nervous system

Back 2

The communication network within the body that allows us to gather information about our internal and external environments, process and interpret the information, and then respond to it

Front 3

Sensory function

Back 3

The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment

Front 4

Integrative function

Back 4

The function of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making which produces the appropriate response

Front 5

Motor function

Back 5

The neuro-muscular response to the sensory information

Front 6

Functions of the nervous system

Back 6

Sensory, integrative, motor

Front 7

Neuron

Back 7

The functional unit of the nervous system

Front 8

Main parts of a neuron

Back 8

Cell body, axon, dendrites

Front 9

Neuronal cell body (soma)

Back 9

Contains nucleus and other organelles such as lysosomes, mitochondria, and a Golgi complex

Front 10

Axon

Back 10

A cylindrical projection from the cell body that transmits nervous impulses from the brain and spinal cord to other neurons or effector sites (muscles, organs)

Front 11

Dendrites

Back 11

The branched projections of a neuronal cell body that act to conduct the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron

Front 12

Functional classifications of neurons

Back 12

Sensory (afferent), interneuronal, motor (efferent)

Front 13

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Back 13

Neurons which transmit nerve impulses from effector sites such as muscles and organs via receptors to the (CNS) brain and spinal cord

Front 14

Interneurons

Back 14

Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another

Front 15

Motor (efferent) neurons

Back 15

Type of neurons which transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord (CNS) to the effector sites such as muscles or glands

Front 16

Divisions of nervous system

Back 16

Central nervous system CNS and peripheral nervous system PNS

Front 17

Central nervous system- CNS

Back 17

The brain and spinal cord, interprets information

Front 18

Cervical nerves, C1-8

Back 18

8 pairs of CNS nerves which emerge above the top vertebra except 8 which is below

Front 19

Thoracic nerves, T1-12

Back 19

12 pairs of CNS nerves which emerge below the midsection vertebra

Front 20

Lumbar nerves, L1-5

Back 20

5 pairs of CNS nerves which emerge below lower vertebra

Front 21

Sacral nerves, S1-5

Back 21

5 pairs of CNS nerves which emerge below lowest vertebra

Front 22

Coccygeal nerves

Back 22

1 pair of CNS nerves which emerges at the bottom of the spinal column

Front 23

Peripheral nervous system- PNS

Back 23

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, & sensory receptors which carry impulses from the brain and spinal column to effector sites such as muscles (motor function) and from effector sites back to the brain via sensory receptors (sensory function)

Front 24

Sensory receptors- function

Back 24

Special structures located throughout the body that transform environmental stimuli into sensory information that the brain and spinal cord can then interpret to produce a response

Front 25

Types of sensory receptors

Back 25

Mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, proprioceptors, & others

Front 26

Mechanoreceptors

Back 26

Sensory receptors that respond to mechanical forces sensing tissue distortion through stretch, compression, traction, or tension

Front 27

Mechanoreceptors- types & location

Back 27

Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs (GTO) and joint receptors located in muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules

Front 28

Muscle spindles

Back 28

The major PNS sensory organs of the muscle which sit parallel to the muscle fibers and sense changes in length and rate of change; when excited, prevents muscle injury due to stretching too far or too fast by contracting the muscle

Front 29

Golgi tendon organs (GTO)

Back 29

Mechanoreceptors located where muscle and tendon meet (musculotendinous junction) and sense muscular tension and rate of tension change; when excited, prevents muscle injury due to excessive stress by relaxing the muscle

Front 30

Joint receptors

Back 30

PNS sensory organs located in and around the joint capsule which respond to pressure and acceleration/deceleration of the joint to prevent injury by signaling extreme joint positions; can initiate reflexive inhibitory response in surrounding muscles if excess stress

Front 31

Skeletal system

Back 31

The body's framework for structure and movement composed of bones and joints

Front 32

Bones- basic functions

Back 32

Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection for vital organs

Front 33

Bones- functions for movement

Back 33

Provide leverage when acted upon by muscles and provide support (posture) necessary for the efficient distribution of forces acting on the body

Front 34

Roughly 206, 177 of which are involved in voluntary movement

Back 34

Number of bones

Front 35

Joints

Back 35

More than 300 junctions where two or more bones meet; movement occurs at some joints due to muscle contraction

Front 36

Axial skeleton

Back 36

Approximately 80 bones which include the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

Front 37

Appendicular skeleton

Back 37

Approximately 126 bones which include the upper and lower extremities and the pectoral and pelvic girdles

Front 38

Divisions of the skeletal system

Back 38

Axial and appendicular skeletons

Front 39

Bone markings

Back 39

Depressions and processes; structures for increasing joint stability and providing attachment sites for muscles

Front 40

Depressions

Back 40

Flattened or indented portions of the bone

Front 41

Processes

Back 41

Projections protruding from the bone to which muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach

Front 42

Arthrokinematics

Back 42

Joint motion

Front 43

Major joint motions

Back 43

Roll, slide, spin

Front 44

Synovial joints

Back 44

Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body, 80% of joints, loosely held

Front 45

Synovial fluid

Back 45

Resembles egg whites and lubricates joints

Front 46

Types of synovial joints

Back 46

Gliding, condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot, ball & socket

Front 47

Gliding joint

Back 47

Simplest synovial joint, just moves back & forth, carpals of hand

Front 48

Condyloid joint

Back 48

Synovial joint with sagittal flexion/extension and minimal rotation & ad/abduction, wrist & knee

Front 49

Hinge joint

Back 49

Synovial joint that's uniaxial in sagittal plane, elbow, interphalageal, ankle

Front 50

Saddle joint

Back 50

Synovial joint that flex/extends sagitally, ab/adducts frontally, and has some rotation; only in thumb

Front 51

Pivot joint

Back 51

Synovial joint that rotates, supinates, pronates in transverse plane, base of skull & radioulnar

Front 52

Ball-and-socket joint

Back 52

Most mobile synovial joint, movement in 3 planes, shoulder & hip

Front 53

Non-synovial joints

Back 53

Joints with no joint cavity and little or no movement, skull

Front 54

Ligaments

Back 54

Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system (proprioception), guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement, made of collagen and elastin

Front 55

Collagen

Back 55

Primary protein fibers of ligaments, situated parallel to forces, provides tensile strength

Front 56

Elastin

Back 56

Secondary protein fibers of ligaments, provides flexibility, amounts in different ligaments varies making some ligaments more flexible than others

Front 57

Ligament and tendon healing

Back 57

Structures with poor vascularity (blood supply) so that they heal and adapt slowly

Front 58

Main types of bones

Back 58

Long, short, flat, irregular

Front 59

Pectoral girdle

Back 59

Complex of 5 joints that connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton on both sides and includes the clavicle and scapula

Front 60

Clavicle

Back 60

Collarbone, only horizontal long bone, connects scapula to sternum

Front 61

Scapula

Back 61

Flat triangular bone that connects the humerus to the clavicle

Front 62

Humerus

Back 62

Long bone of upper arm that connects the scapula with the elbow (radius & ulna)

Front 63

Ulna

Back 63

Larger and longer of 2 long bones of the forearm, primary bone of elbow, pinky side, corresponds to fibula of lower leg

Front 64

Radius

Back 64

Smaller and shorter of 2 long bones of the forearm, primary bone of the wrist, thumb side, corresponds to tibia of lower leg

Front 65

Carpus, tarsus

Back 65

The sole cluster of bones in the wrist/foot between the radius/ulna:tibia/fibula and the fingers/toes

Front 66

Metacarpals/tarsals

Back 66

Bones in the hand/foot connecting the carpus/tarsus to the phalanges

Front 67

Phalanges

Back 67

Bones of the fingers and toes

Front 68

Pelvic girdle

Back 68

The 2 hip bones which attach to the sacrum & coccyx, connects the spine with the femur via the hip joint

Front 69

Sacrum

Back 69

Large triangular bone at the base of the spine which connects to the hip bones and coccyx to form the pelvic girdle

Front 70

Coccyx

Back 70

Tailbone, final segment of the vertebral column, below the sacrum

Front 71

Femur

Back 71

Thigh bone, longest and largest bone of the body

Front 72

Tibia

Back 72

Shinbone, 2nd largest bone in body, strongest weight-bearing bone

Front 73

Fibula

Back 73

Calf bone, the thinnest long bone

Front 74

Vertebral column

Back 74

Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

Front 75

Thoracic (rib) cage

Back 75

Sternum, 24 ribs, 24 costal cartilages, 12 thoracic vertebra

Front 76

Upper limb

Back 76

Humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Front 77

Lower limb

Back 77

Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Front 78

Patella

Back 78

The knee cap; a thick, circular-triangular bone which articulates with the femur and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint

Front 79

Skeletal muscle system

Back 79

Series of muscles directed by the nervous system that move and stabilize the skeleton

Front 80

Fascia

Back 80

Layer of fibrous tissue composed of collagen that surrounds muscles, muscle groups, blood vessels, & nerves, binding them together; helps to form tendon and connects muscle to muscle

Front 81

Epimysium

Back 81

A layer of connective tissue, which ensheaths the entire muscle just inside the fascia; also helps to form tendon

Front 82

Fascicle

Back 82

A bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue called the perimysium

Front 83

Perimysium

Back 83

Connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle

Front 84

Endomysium

Back 84

Connective tissue that surrounds an individual muscle fiber

Front 85

Tendons

Back 85

Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force; also have poor vascularity

Front 86

Sarcomere

Back 86

The functional unit of muscle (like neuron to nervous system) that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin ending at Z lines

Front 87

Sarcolemma

Back 87

Plasma membrane that encases a muscle fiber

Front 88

Muscle fibers

Back 88

Encased by sarcolemma; contain sarcoplasm (glycogen, fats, minerals), nuclei, mitochondria, & myofibrils

Front 89

Myofibrils

Back 89

Contain myofilaments, the contractile components of muscle tissue, which form a number of repeating segments (sarcomeres) within it

Front 90

Myofilaments

Back 90

The contractile components of muscle tissue, actin (thin) and myosin (thick)

Front 91

Z lines

Back 91

Dark colored lines/discs that delimit a sarcomere

Front 92

Neural activation

Back 92

The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation

Front 93

Motor unit

Back 93

The motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

Front 94

Neurotransmitter

Back 94

Chemical messengers that cross synapses to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle

Front 95

Neuromuscular junction

Back 95

The point at which a motor neuron attaches to an individual muscle fiber

Front 96

Synapse

Back 96

A small gap between a nerve and a muscle fiber

Front 97

Action potentials

Back 97

Electrical impulses which are transported from the CNS down the axon of the neuron to the axon terminal where neurotransmitters are released initiating the contraction

Front 98

ACh, Acetylcholine

Back 98

The neurotransmitter used by the neuromuscular system which stimulates the muscle fibers to contract

Front 99

Sliding filament theory

Back 99

Proposed process of how the sarcomeres shorten due to actin and myosin filaments pulling together

Front 100

Excitation-contraction coupling

Back 100

The combination of neural activation and sliding filament to create muscle contraction

Front 101

Type I fibers

Back 101

Slow twitch muscle fibers containing myoglobin, a red pigment, so also called red fibers

Front 102

Type I/ Slow twitch fibers function

Back 102

Smaller diameter fibers, slower to produce maximal tension, more resistant to fatigue; important for muscles producing long-term contractions necessary for stabilization and postural control

Front 103

Type II fibers

Back 103

Fast twitch fibers, contain fewer capillaries, mitochondria, & myoglobin than slow twitch, divided into (red ) A (red) and (white) B & X types

Front 104

Type II/Fast twitch fibers function

Back 104

Muscle fibers which are larger in size, produce maximal tension, and fatigue more quickly; produce short-term contractions more important for movements requiring force and power

Front 105

Agonist

Back 105

Prime mover muscle

Front 106

Synergists

Back 106

Muscles which assist the prime mover muscle

Front 107

Stabilizers

Back 107

Muscles which aid the prime mover and synergist muscles

Front 108

Antagonist

Back 108

Muscle which opposes prime mover

Front 109

Actin

Back 109

Thin myofilament

Front 110

Myosin

Back 110

Thick myofilament