Midterm 1 Caps 391

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

Greek "to cut apart", a branch of science that studies the structures of the body and their relationship with each other. Three branches are macroscopic, microscopic and developmental anatomy

Front 2

Human Anatomy

Back 2

Anatomy; if the subject of study is the human body

Front 3

Macroscopic (gross) anatomy

Back 3

the focus of learning is on examining the structures of the body by the naked eye, three possible approaches: systemic, regional and surface

Front 4

systemic gross anatomy

Back 4

different organ systems are individually studied throughout the entire body, such as skeletal system, cardiovascular system, etc. This approach provides a better understanding of the continuity of the systems of the human body and is more suitable in certain learning situations (e.g. if a human cadaver is not available for dissections)

Front 5

Regional Gross Anatomy

Back 5

the human body is divided into certain regions such as head, neck or trunk and then all structures in a single region are studied together as a group. This learning approach works better if its combined with human cadaver dissection

Front 6

Surface Anatomy

Back 6

essential component of both systemic and regional approaches that uses the markings on the surface of the body to reveal the underlying organs or structures (i.e., locating the heart within the chest using its surface landmarks)

Front 7

Microscopic anatomy (histology)

Back 7

histo=tissue, logy=to study, the structures of the body are studied at the tissue and cellular level using a microscope

Front 8

Developmental Anatomy

Back 8

studies different phases of human development from fertilization to puberty

Front 9

Embryology

Back 9

studies phases of development with emphasis on the first eight weeks of the gestation period

Front 10

Anatomical position

Back 10

person is standing upright, head is level and facing forward, upper limbs are at the sides with palms turned forward, the lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor with toes directed forward

Front 11

Prone position

Back 11

body is lying face down

Front 12

Supine position

Back 12

body is lying face up

Front 13

Sagittal planes

Back 13

vertical planes that divide the body into left and right parts

Front 14

Median or midsagittal planes

Back 14

the sagittal plane that divides the body into two symmetric right and left sides

Front 15

Parasagittal planes

Back 15

any sagittal plane that does not divide the body into two symmetric right and left sides (any sagittal plane that is not the midsagittal plane)

Front 16

Coronal or frontal planes

Back 16

vertical planes that divide the body into front and back parts

Front 17

Transverse of horizontal planes

Back 17

divide the body into upper and lower parts

Front 18

Medial

Back 18

closer to the midline, in reference to median sagittal plane

Front 19

Lateral

Back 19

farther form the midline, in reference to median sagittal plane

Front 20

Anterior/Ventral

Back 20

closer to the front of the body, in reference to coronal (frontal) plane

Front 21

Posterior/Dorsal

Back 21

closer to the back of the body, in reference to coronal (frontal) plane

Front 22

Superior/Cranial

Back 22

closer to the head, in reference to transverse (horizontal) plane

Front 23

Inferior/Caudal

Back 23

closer to the feet/tail in reference to transverse (horizontal) plane

Front 24

Proximal

Back 24

closer to the root of the structure

Front 25

Distal

Back 25

farther from the root of the structure

Front 26

Superficial

Back 26

closer to the surface of the body

Front 27

Deep

Back 27

away from the body surface

Front 28

Ipsilateral

Back 28

on the same side of the body

Front 29

Contralateral

Back 29

on the opposite sides of the body

Front 30

Internal

Back 30

inside a body cavity

Front 31

External

Back 31

outside a body cavity

Front 32

Palm

Back 32

anterior aspect of the hand

Front 33

Dorsum

Back 33

posterior aspect of the foot or hand

Front 34

Sole/plantar

Back 34

inferior aspect of the foot

Front 35

Flexion

Back 35

bending or decreasing the angle between parts of the body, occurs in the sagittal planes

Front 36

Extension

Back 36

straightening or increasing the angle between parts of the body, occurs in the sagittal planes

Front 37

Abduction

Back 37

moving toward the midline or axis of the body parts, occurs in the frontal/coronal planes

axis of the hand passes through the 3rd finger and metacarpal bone. Axis of the foot passes through the 2nd toe and metatarsal bone.

Front 38

Adduction

Back 38

moving toward the midline or axis of the body parts, occurring in frontal/coronal planes

Front 39

Medial Rotation

Back 39

turning a body part around its long axis toward the midline, occurs in the transverse/horizontal planes

Front 40

Lateral Rotation

Back 40

turning a body part around its long axis away from the midline, occurs in transverse/horizontal planes

Front 41

Cell

Back 41

the smallest structural and functional unit of a living organism

Front 42

Tissue

Back 42

cells with similar morphology and function

Front 43

Organ

Back 43

combination of several tissues for a common function

Front 44

Head

Back 44

includes subdivisions; cranium and face

Front 45

Trunk

Back 45

includes subdivisions; back, thorax, abdomen and pelvis

Front 46

Upper limb

Back 46

shoulder - pectoral, scapular, deltoid, axilla

arm (brachium)

elbow

forearm (antebrachium)

hand - carpus (wrist), metacarpus, digits (fingers)*

*thumb = pollex, index finger = indicis, little finger = digitus minimus

Front 47

Lower limb

Back 47

gluteal

thigh

knee

leg

foot - tarsus (ankle), metatarsus, digits (toes)*

*big toe = hallux, little tow = digitus minimus

Front 48

Four-region pattern

Back 48

median vertical line and a horizontal line (tansumbilical) cross each other at the umbilicus (navel) - divides into RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ. left and right according to the person being studied

Front 49

Right upper quadrant

Back 49

right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestine

Front 50

Left upper quadrant

Back 50

left lobe of liver, stomach, pancrease, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine

Front 51

Right lower quadrant

Back 51

cecum, appendix, portions of small intestine, reproductive organs (right ovary in female and right spermatic cord in male), right ureter

Front 52

Left lower quadrant

Back 52

most of small intestine and portions of large intestine, left uretor, and reproductive organs (left ovary in female and left spermatic cord in male

Front 53

Nine region pattern

Back 53

two vertical lines (midclavicular lines) meet two horizontal lines (subcostal and transtubercular)

most superior from right to left - right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region

medial from right to left - right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region

inferior from right to left - right inguinal region, hypogastric region, left inguinal region

Front 54

Dorsal cavity

Back 54

subdivisions include cranial and vertebral cavity

Front 55

Cranial cavity

Back 55

main contents are brain

Front 56

Vertebral cavity

Back 56

main contents are spinal cord

Front 57

Ventral cavity

Back 57

subdivisions include thoracic cavity (superior) and abdominopelvic cavity (inferior)

Front 58

Thoracic cavity

Back 58

subdivisions include mediastinum and plural cavity

separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm

Front 59

Mediastinum

Back 59

not a true separated cavity divided into the superior and inferior medistinum. Superior mediastinum (middle, near sternum), contains trachea and esophagus. Inferior mediastinum = pericardial cavity contains the heart

Front 60

Plural cavity

Back 60

right and left cavities, not separated from mediastinum but a specific structure. contain the lungs

Front 61

Abdominopelvic cavity

Back 61

ventral cavity inferior to the diaphragm

Front 62

Abdominal cavity

Back 62

contains digestive viscera

Front 63

Pelvic cavity

Back 63

contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectun

Front 64

Long bones

Back 64

consist of a long cylindrical body or shaft (diaphysis) and two distinct ends (epiphysis). bones of the arm, forearm, thigh and leg are examples of this type of bone

Front 65

Short bones

Back 65

usually cuboidal in appearance such as wrist and ankle bones

Front 66

Flat bones

Back 66

are thin and flattened bones wiht a mild curve such as ribs, some of the skull bones, scapula and sternum

Front 67

Irregular bones

Back 67

lack any specific shape such as vertebrae and facial bones

Front 68

Sesamoid bones

Back 68

(shaped like a sesame seed) are small round or flat bones partially embedded in the tendon of some muscles. these bones reduce friction between tendons and joint or change the direction of the pull exerted by muscles. Patella is the largest sesamoid bone

Front 69

Axial skeleton

Back 69

forms the skeleton of the axis of the body (skull, middle ear ossicles, vertebral column, hyoid bone, ribs, and sternum)

Front 70

Appendicular skeleton

Back 70

forms the skeleton of the limbs and is appended to the axial skeleton by shoulder and pelvic girdles

Front 71

Shoulder girdle

Back 71

consists of clavicle and scapula

Front 72

Pelvic girdle

Back 72

formed by the right and left hip bones

Front 73

Upper limb skeleton

Back 73

includes humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Front 74

Lower limb skeleton

Back 74

includes femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Front 75

Skull

Back 75

consists of 22 bones

14 bones in the framework of the face (viscerocranium)

8 bones form the bony box (neurocranium) to hold the brain

all skull bones join together by immobile joints known as sutures (except mandible which articulates with the temporal bone to form a mobile joint - temporomandibular joint)

Front 76

Cranium

Back 76

the skull without the mandible

Front 77

Viscerocranium

Back 77

paired lacrimal bone

paired lasal bone

paired zygomatic bone

paired maxilla

paired inferior nasal concha

paired palatine bone

mandible

vomer

Front 78

Neurocranium

Back 78

paired parietal bone

paired temporal bone

frontal bone

occipital bone

sphenoid bone

ethmoid bone

Front 79

Frontal bone

Back 79

large bone of the neurocranium that forms the forehead and much of the roof of the skull

Front 80

Parietal bone

Back 80

forms the superior lateral sides of the neurocranium, paired bones right and left

Front 81

Nasal bone

Back 81

forms the superior-most part of the nose, paired bone right and left

Front 82

Sphenoid bone (greater wing)

Back 82

from the anterior view, can be seen at the back of the orbital cavity

Front 83

Temporal bone

Back 83

paired bone on lateral sides of the neurocranium, right and left

Front 84

Lacrimal bone

Back 84

small paired bone on the medial inferior sides of the opening to the orbital cavities

Front 85

Ethmoid bone

Back 85

posterior to nasal bones

Front 86

Zygomatic bone

Back 86

paired, commonly known as the cheek bones, form the outside of the cheeks

Front 87

Middle nasal concha

Back 87

medial part of ethmoid bone, forms the midline of the nasal cavity

Front 88

Perpendicular plate

Back 88

part of ethmoid bone, right and left pairs on each side of nasal cavity

Front 89

Inferior nasal concha

Back 89

more lateral to perpendicular plate on either side of nasal cavity

Front 90

Vomer

Back 90

forms inferior portion of the midline of the nasal cavity

Front 91

Maxilla

Back 91

paired bone, forms the upper jaw

Front 92

Mandible

Back 92

lower jaw

Front 93

Orbital cavity

Back 93

four-sided pyramidal spaced, with the apex pointed posteriorly

major openings serve as passages for blood vessels and nerves

Front 94

3 major openings of the orbital cavities

Back 94

superior and inferior orbital fissures and optic canal

Front 95

Nasolacrimal duct

Back 95

bony channel that connects the medial corner of the orbital cavity to the nasal cavity

Front 96

Nasal cavities

Back 96

separated from each other by a vertical bony septum

on lateral wall of each nasal cavity there are three curved bony plates - superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae

(inferior nasal conchae is an individual bone, other two are part of ethmoid bone)

Front 97

Anterior nasal aperture

Back 97

anterior opening of each nasal cavity

Front 98

Choana

Back 98

posterior opening of each nasal cavity

formed posteriorly by the vomer bone

formed anteriorly by the palatine bone

formed laterally by the sphenoid bone

Front 99

External acoustic (auditory) meatus

Back 99

prominent bony feature of the temporal bone, passage/opening leading into the internal parts of the ear

Front 100

Mastoid process

Back 100

large flat process on the posterior end of the temporal bone, extends inferiorly

Front 101

Styloid process

Back 101

thin, needle-like process anterior to the mastoid process, extends inferiorly

Front 102

Zygomatic arch

Back 102

formed by process of the zygomatic and temporal bones

Front 103

Coronoid process

Back 103

anterior process on the superior end of the mandible, fits under the zygomatic arch

Front 104

Condylar process

Back 104

posterior bony process on the superior end of the mandible, articulates with the temporal bone

Front 105

Mandicular ramus

Back 105

square shape portion on the lateral sides of the mandible, top corners are the condylar and coronoid processes

Front 106

Lambdoid suture

Back 106

the suture between the parietal bones and the occipital bones

Front 107

External occipital protuberance

Back 107

bony projection on the occipital bone, indicates the border between the head and neck

Front 108

Calvaria

Back 108

dome-shaped roof of the skull (vault) - superior view of the skull

Front 109

Coronal suture

Back 109

between the frontal bone and parietal bones

Front 110

Sagittal suture

Back 110

between the left and right parietal bones

Front 111

Bregma

Back 111

junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures

in infants, known as the anterior fontanelle

Front 112

Lambda

Back 112

intersection of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures

in infants, known as the posterior fontanelle

Front 113

Fontanelles

Back 113

membranes of connective tissue that allow the skull to grow proportionately

Front 114

Hard palate

Back 114

on the base of the skull, can be seen externally

formed by the maxillae and palatine bones

Front 115

Pterygoid process

Back 115

bony process on the underside of the sphenoid bone

Front 116

Anterior cranial fossa

Back 116

interior portion of the base of the skull, formed by the frontal (orbital plate), ethmoid (crista galli and cribriform plate) and sphenoid bone (lesser wings)

Front 117

Middle cranial fossa

Back 117

interior portion of the base of the skull, formed by the sphenoid (greater wings and body) and temporal bones (petrous and squamous parts)

Front 118

Hypopheaseal fossa

Back 118

bony landmark in the middle cranial fossa that houses the pituitary gland (small groove in the base of the skull)

Front 119

Posterior cranial fossa

Back 119

interior portion of the base of the skull, mainly formed by the occipital bone (squamous and basilar parts) and termporal bones (petrous part)

Front 120

Openings on cribriform plate

Back 120

small openings on the ethmoid bone in the anterior cranial fossa that allow passage of the olfactory nerve (CN I)

Front 121

Optic canal

Back 121

opening under the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone anterior to the hypophyseal fossa/sella turcica in the anterior cranial fossa that allows passage of the optic nerve (CN II)

Front 122

Superior orbital fissue

Back 122

under the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone, in the middle cranial fossa

allows passage of the ocolomotor nerve (CN III, tochlear nerve (CN IV), opthalamic division of trigeminal nerve (CN V), abducens nerve (CN VI)

Front 123

Foramen rotundum

Back 123

most anterior hole in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa

allows passage of the maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Front 124

Foramen ovale

Back 124

middle hole in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa

allows passage of the mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Front 125

Foramen spinosum

Back 125

most posterior/lateral hole in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa

allows passage of the middle meningeal artery

Front 126

Foramen lacerum

Back 126

medial/posterior hole in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa

filled with cartilage

Front 127

Carotid canal

Back 127

holes on lateral sides of the hypophyseal fossa/sella turcica in the middle cranial fossa

allows passage of the internal carotid artery

Front 128

Internal acoustic meatus

Back 128

hole on the medial sides of the temporal bone in the posterior cranial fossa

allow passage of the facial nerve (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

Front 129

Jugular foramen

Back 129

large hole between temporal bone and occipital bone in the posterior cranial fossa

allows passage of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X) and accessory nerve (CN XI)

Front 130

Foramen magnum

Back 130

largest hole in the base of the skull in the posterior cranial fossa

allows passage of the medulla oblongata and vertebral arteries

Front 131

Hypoglossal canal

Back 131

small holes on either side of the foramen magnum

allow passage of the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Front 132

Regions of the vertebral column

Back 132

cervical region (CI-CVII)

thoracic region (TI-TXII)

lumbar region (LI-LV)

sacral region - sacrum formed by fused SI-SV

coccygeal region - coccyx formed by 4-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae

Front 133

Primary curvatures

Back 133

anteroposterior curvatures of the vertebral column

present at birth

conve posteriorly in the thoracic and sacral regions

thoracic and sacral curvature, respectively

Front 134

Secondary curvatures

Back 134

anteropopsterior curvatures of the vertebral column

developed after birth

convex anteriorly in the cervical and lumbar regions

cervical and lumbar curvatures, respectively

Front 135

Vertebral body

Back 135

anterior part of a typical vertebrae

cylindrical in shape but varies in different regions

size gradually increases in lower segments of the vertebral column in order to accommodate the increasing forces applied by the body weight

Front 136

Vertebral arch

Back 136

posterior part of a typical vertebrae

made up of pedicles and laminae

Front 137

Pedicles

Back 137

to bony projections that extend posterolaterally from the vertebral body

Front 138

Superior and inferior vertebral notches

Back 138

notches in the margins of each pedicle

Front 139

Intervertebral foramen

Back 139

superior and inferior vertebral notches from adjacent vertebrae form a hole to allow passage for spinal nerves and associated structures

Front 140

Laminae

Back 140

two bony ridges that project posteromedially from pedicles to join together in the midline

Front 141

Transverse processes

Back 141

bony processes that extend laterally from the junction of the pedicles and laminae

Front 142

Spinous process

Back 142

projects posteriorly from the junction of laminae in the midline

Front 143

Articular processes

Back 143

paired processes arise from the junction of the pedicles and laminae

Front 144

Superior articular process

Back 144

extend superiorly to articulate with inferior articular processes of the vertebra above

Front 145

Inferior articular process

Back 145

extend inferiorly to articulate with the superior articular process of the vertebra below

Front 146

Facet

Back 146

the smooth articulation surface at the end of a bony process

Front 147

Cervical vertebrae

Back 147

typical cervical vertebrae (CII to CVI) carry bifurcated spnoud process and a transverse foramen on each transverse process

Front 148

Thoracic vertebrae

Back 148

typical thoracic vertebrae (TII to TIX) are characterized by costal facets located on the sides of their bodies and transverse processes

also carry long slender spinous process that points inferiorly

Front 149

Lumbar vertebrae

Back 149

possess a large body and short thick spinous process

Front 150

Atlas (CI)

Back 150

the first cervical vertebrae consists of two lateral masses connected together by anterior and posterior arches

superior surface of lateral masses articulates with the occipital condyles

inferior surface articulates with vertebra CII (acis)

anterior arch of atlas articulates with the odontoid process of vertebrae vertebrae CII

has transverse foramen

Front 151

Axis (CII)

Back 151

second cervical vertebra acts as a picot for rotational movements of the head

two articular processes lateral to the odontoid process that articulate with the lateral masses of atlas

bifid spinous process and a transverse foramen on each of its transverse process

Front 152

Odontoid process (dens axis)

Back 152

tooth-like vertical projection on the superior surface of the body that articulates with the anterior arch of atlas

Front 153

Vertebra CVII

Back 153

the seventh cervical vertebra has the longest spinous process that is not bifurcated and is palpage through the skin thus known as prominent vertebra (vertebra prominens)

Front 154

Sacrum

Back 154

wedge shaped bone formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae

apex of the bone is point in inferiorly and articulates with coccyx, whereas the base faces superiorly and articulates with the fifth lumbar vertebrae

Front 155

Auricular surface

Back 155

lateral surfaces of the bone carry an L-shaped articular surface that articulates with similar articular surfaces on the hip bone

Front 156

Anterior sacral foramina

Back 156

on the relatively smooth concave anterior surface of the bone that allow the passage of the anterior rami of sacral spinal nerves

Front 157

Sacral crests

Back 157

remnants of sacral vertebral processes on the convex posterior surface

Front 158

Posterior sacral foramina

Back 158

four pairs on each lateral side of the sacrum that allow passage of the sacral spinal nerves

Front 159

Sacral promontory

Back 159

anterior margin of the superior surface of the vertebra SI

Front 160

Sacral ala

Back 160

triangular surface on either side of the sacral promontory on the anterior margin

Front 161

Sacral canal

Back 161

continuation of the vertebral canal in sacrum

Front 162

Sacral hiatus

Back 162

opening at the end of the sacral canal where the SV fail to fuse together

Front 163

Coccyx

Back 163

tail bone - small triangular bone formed by the fusion of four to five coccygeal vertebrae

base of the bone articulates with vertebra SV and apex is free

Front 164

Sternum

Back 164

breast bone - flat bone that contributes to the formation of the anterior thoracic wall

composed of manubrium, body and xiphoid process

Front 165

Manibrium

Back 165

trapezoid bony plate that forms the proximal part of the sternum

Front 166

Jugular notch/suprasternal notch

Back 166

notch on superior surface of the manubrium on the sternum

has some articular surface on lateral margins for the first costal cartilage

Front 167

Clavicular notch

Back 167

notches on either side of the jugular notch on the lateral ends of the manbrium

articulate with the clavicle

Front 168

Sternal angle (of Louis)

Back 168

angle between the manubrium and the body of the sternum

prominent transverse ridge that indicates the sit of articulation of the second costal cartilage with the sternum

angle is at the same level as the intervertebral disc between TIV and TV vertebrae

Front 169

Body of sternum

Back 169

slightly convex anteriorly

articular surfaces on either side for articulation with the costal cartilages of ribs II through VII

Front 170

Xiphoid process

Back 170

comes in variety of shapes

articulates with body of the sternum to form xiphisternal joint

sides of the xipisternal joint articulate with costal cartilage of rib VII

Front 171

Costae

Back 171

ribs - twelve pairs of flat curved bones that form most of the thoracic cage wall

posterior end (head) articulates with thoracic vertebrae

Front 172

True ribs

Back 172

anterior end of ribs articulate with sternum via their costal cartilages

first seven pairs of ribs

Front 173

False ribs

Back 173

first three pairs - anterior end of ribs articualte with sternum through the seventh costal cartilage

last two pairs - anterior end does not articulate with sternum or other ribs (free/floating ribs)

Front 174

Head of rib

Back 174

articulates with costal facets on the body of the thoracic vertebrae at the corresponding level and the vertebrae above

Front 175

Neck of rib

Back 175

extends between the head and the costal tubercule

Front 176

Tubercle of rib

Back 176

small bony elevation that articulates with the costal facet on the transverse process of the corresponding thoracic vertebra

Front 177

Body/shaft of rib

Back 177

thin flat bony plate that curves anterolatterally

curve most prominent at point of costal angle

Front 178

Costal groove

Back 178

bony groove on inferior border of the internal surface, houses intercostal nerves and vessels

Front 179

Thoracic cage

Back 179

protects vital organs such as the heart and lungs

conical bony cavity formed by the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages and sternum

Front 180

Thoracic aperture

Back 180

bean-shaped opening at the apex of the thoracic cage, at the root of the neck, bounded by vertebra TI, first ribs and superior surface of manubrium

Front 181

Inferior thoracic aperture

Back 181

bounded by vertebra TCII, eleventh and twelth ribs, costal margin, and xiphoid process

sealed by the diaphragm

Front 182

Costal margin

Back 182

formed by costal cartilages of ribs VII to X

Front 183

Intercostal spaces

Back 183

separates ribs, contain intercostal muscles, nerves and vessels

Front 184

Clavicle

Back 184

collar bone- S-shaped bone that articulates the upper limb to the axial skeleton

medial curve is convex anteriorly

lateral curve concave anteriorly

medial/sternal end is relatively rounded

lateral/acromial end is flattened

Front 185

Scapula

Back 185

shoulder blade - flat triangular bone overlying ribs II to VII on the posterolateral aspect of thorax

Front 186

Subscapular fossa

Back 186

concave anterior surface of the clavicle

Front 187

Spine of scapula

Back 187

bony ridge that divides the posterior surface of the scapula

Front 188

Supraspinous fossa

Back 188

superior surface of the posterior surface of the scapula

Front 189

Infraspinous fossa

Back 189

inferior surface of the posterior surface of the scapula

Front 190

Glenoid cavity/fossa

Back 190

oval articular surface on the lateral angle of the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus

Front 191

Supraglenoid tubercles

Back 191

bony elevations above the articulation point of the head of humerus on the lateral end of the scapula

Front 192

Infraglenoid tubercles

Back 192

bony elevations below the articulation point of the head of humerus on the lateral end of the scapula

Front 193

Acromin

Back 193

flat bony plate formed by the lateral extension of the spine of scapula

Front 194

Coracoid process

Back 194

beak-like projection on the superior border of the scapula with points anteriorly and laterally

Front 195

Humerus

Back 195

arm bone - long bone consisting of proximal end, body (shaft) and distal end

Front 196

Head of humerus

Back 196

smooth spherical surface directed medially and superiorly on the proximal end of the humerus

Front 197

Anatomical neck of humerus

Back 197

narrow part immediate below the head

Front 198

Greater and lesser tubercles

Back 198

two bony prominences below the anatomical neck

Front 199

Intertubercular/bicipital groove

Back 199

attachment site of biceps muscle

verticle groove that separates the tubercles on the humerus

Front 200

Surgical neck of humerus

Back 200

narrow part of the proximal end directly distal to the greater and lesser tubercles

most frequently fractured region of the proximal end of humerus

Front 201

Deltoid tuberosity

Back 201

flat bony elevation on the lateral side of the body of the humerus

Front 202

Radial/spiral groove

Back 202

behind and below the deltoid tuberosity

shallow groove running inferolatterally on the body of humerus

Front 203

Capitulum

Back 203

rounded articular surface on the lateral side of the distal end of the humerus

Front 204

Trochlea

Back 204

pulley-shaped articular surface on the medial side of the distal end of the humerus

Front 205

Later and medial epicondyles

Back 205

two prominent bony elevations located adjacent and proximal to the capitulum and trochles respectively

Front 206

Medial and lateral supracondylar ridges

Back 206

two sharp bony ridges proximal to medial and lateral epicondyles, respectively

Front 207

Radial fossa

Back 207

superior to capitulum on the anterior aspect of the distal end of humerus

Front 208

Coronoid fossa

Back 208

superior to trochlea on the anterior aspect of the distal end of humerus

Front 209

Olecranon fossa

Back 209

superior to troclea on the posterior aspect of the distal end of humerus

Front 210

Radius

Back 210

long bone on the lateral side of the forearm

Front 211

Proximal end of radius

Back 211

short cylindrical head

narrow neck

radial tuberosity on inferior side

Front 212

Body of radius

Back 212

triangular in cross-section

Front 213

Interosseous border

Back 213

sharp prominent border (medial on radius, lateral on ulna)

articulates with connective tissue that connects the radius and ulna

Front 214

Styloid process

Back 214

lateral aspect on distal end of radius

Front 215

Ulnar notch

Back 215

medial aspect on distal end of radius

Front 216

Ulna

Back 216

long bone on medial side of forearm

Front 217

Olecranon process

Back 217

large process that articulates with humerus on proximal end of ulna

Front 218

Coronoid process

Back 218

process inferior to olecranon process on the proximal end of ulna

Front 219

Trochlear notch

Back 219

notch in between the olecranon process and the coronoid process on the proximal end of ulna

Front 220

Radial notch

Back 220

lateral to coronoid process on the proximal end of ulna, articulates with the radius

Front 221

Distal end of Ulna

Back 221

head and styloid process

Front 222

Proximal row of carpal bones

Back 222

lateral to medial: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum and pisiform

Front 223

Distal row of carpal bones

Back 223

lateral to medial: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Front 224

Metacarpal bones

Back 224

numbered one to five lateral to medial

Front 225

Phalanges

Back 225

each finger has three (proximal, middle, distal) except the thumb which only has two

Front 226

Hip bone

Back 226

flat bone that consists of ilium, ischium and pubis which fuse together in a cup-like cavity

Front 227

Acetabulum

Back 227

cup-like cavity of the hip bone

Front 228

Lateral surface of the hip bone

Back 228

superior to inferior:

gluteal surface

acetabulum

obturator foramen

Front 229

Medial surface of the hip bone

Back 229

divided by medial border into iliac fossa (superior/anterior) and auricular surface (posterior)

Front 230

Obturator membrane

Back 230

fibrous membrane that seals the obturator foramen on the inferior part of the medial surface of the hip bone

Front 231

Superior border of the hip bone

Back 231

Anterior superior iliac spine, iliac crest and posterior superior iliac spine

Front 232

Anterior border of the hip bone

Back 232

anterior superior iliace spine

anterior inferior iliac spine

superior pubic ramus

pubic tubercle

pubic crest

Front 233

Inferior border of the hip bone

Back 233

ischiopubic ramus ramus between pubic body and ischial tuberosity

Front 234

Posterior border of the hip bone

Back 234

posterior superior iliac spine

posterior inferior iliac spine

greater sciatic notch

ischial spine

lesser sciactic notch

ischial tuberosity

Front 235

Bony pelvis

Back 235

resembles big funner formed by four bones (right and left hip bones, sacrum, coccyx)

divided into false and true pelvises by superior pelvic aperture

Front 236

Superior pelvic aperture

Back 236

round or oval bony ring formed from posterior to anterior by the promontory of sacrum, sacral ale, medial border of the left and right hip bones, superior pubic rami, pubic crests of the left and right pubic bones and pubic symphysis

Front 237

Inferior pelvic aperture

Back 237

diamond shaped opening formed from posterior to anterior by the coccyx, sacrotuberous ligaments, ischiopubic rami and pubic symphysis

Front 238

False pelvis

Back 238

part of the bony pelvis located above the superior pelvic aperature, bounded by the iliac fossa on each side

contains parts of the digestive system

Front 239

True pelvic

Back 239

location between and superior and inferior pelvic apertures and is bounded by pelvic surfaces of pubis, ischium, obturator memrbane, sacrum and coccyx

contains parts of urinary and reproductive systems

Front 240

Femur

Back 240

longest bone in the human body

Front 241

Head of femur

Back 241

spherical articular surface on proximal end of the bone

Front 242

Neck of femur

Back 242

cylindrical narrow part inferior to the head on the proximal end of the bone

Front 243

Lesser and greater trochanters

Back 243

bony projections on the proximal end of the femur

Front 244

Intertrochanteric line

Back 244

connects two trochanters anteriorly on the proximal end of the femur

Front 245

Intertrochanteric crest

Back 245

connects two trochanters posteriorly on the proximal end of the femur

Front 246

Quadrate tubercle

Back 246

bony prominence on the intertrochanteric crest on the proximal end of the femur

Front 247

Body of femur

Back 247

almost cylindrical

Front 248

Linea aspera

Back 248

rough line - prominent posterior border on the body of femur

Front 249

Gluteal tuberosity

Back 249

lateral extension of the proximal end of the linea aspera, extends towards the greater trochanter

Front 250

Condyles of femur

Back 250

medial and lateral - carry articular surfaces on the distal end of femur

Front 251

Patellar surface

Back 251

separates anterior side of medial and lateral condyles on the distal end of femur

Front 252

Intercondylar notch

Back 252

separates posterior side of medial and lateral condyles on the distal end of femur

U-shaped

Front 253

Epicondyles of femur

Back 253

bony projection on each side of the distal end and superior to the condyles (medial and lateral)

Front 254

Adductor tubercle

Back 254

bony projection superior to the medial epicondyle

Front 255

Patella

Back 255

knee cap - larges sesamoid bone embedded within the quadriceps muscle tendon in front of the knee joint

triangular bone with apex pointing inferiorly

posterior surface carries articular surface to articulate with patellar surface of femur

Front 256

Tibia

Back 256

long bone on medial side of the leg

Front 257

Tibial condyles

Back 257

medial and lateral bony elevations on the proximal end of the tibia, carry articular surfaces on their superior aspects called tibial plates

Front 258

Intercondylar eminence

Back 258

separates medial and lateral tibial condyles

Front 259

Tibial tuberosity

Back 259

bony elevation on anterior surface of proximal end of tibia

Front 260

Interosseous border

Back 260

lateral/medial border of triangular shaped bodies of tibia and fibula that articulates with connective tissue to connect the two bones

Front 261

Soleal line

Back 261

rough line on the upper half of the posterior surface of the body of tibia

Front 262

Medial malleolus

Back 262

bony projection on the medial side of the distal end of the tibia

Front 263

Fibular notch

Back 263

notch on the lateral side of the distal end of the tibia

Front 264

Proximal end of fibula

Back 264

carries head and neck of the bone

Front 265

Body of fibula

Back 265

twisted longitudinally, has interosseous border on medial side

Front 266

Distal end of fibula

Back 266

enlarges to form lateral malleolus

Front 267

Calcaneus

Back 267

largest tarsal bone that forms the heel of the foot

Front 268

Talus

Back 268

proximal tarsal bone, superior to calcaneus

has head, neck and body from anterior to posterior

Front 269

Navicular bone

Back 269

only bone in the middle group of tarsal bones

Front 270

Cuboid

Back 270

cuboid bone in the distal end of the tarsal bones, proximal to the pinky toe (V)

Front 271

Cuneiforms

Back 271

three distal tarsal bones; medial, intermediate and lateral

Front 272

Metarsal bones

Back 272

numbered one to five from medial to lateral

Front 273

Joint/articulation

Back 273

the site in which two or more bones or cartilages meet each other

Front 274

Diarthrosis

Back 274

freely moveable joint

Front 275

Amphiarthrosis

Back 275

slightly moveable joint

Front 276

Synarthrosis

Back 276

immovable joint

Front 277

Solid joints

Back 277

joints held together by connective tissue

Classified as fibrous (dense connective tissue) or cartilaginous (cartilage) based on the type of connective tissue

either amphiarthrosis or synarthrosis

Front 278

Fibrous Joints

Back 278

linked together by dense connective tissue

Three subdivisions: sutures, syndesmoses and gomphoses

Front 279

Sutures

Back 279

fibrous joints held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock

found only between the bones of the skull

In early years of life the bones are held together by a thin layer of dense connective tissue that later will be replaced by bony tissue

Front 280

Syndesmoses

Back 280

fibrous joints held together by a ligament

can vary in length but longer than sutures

example: middle radioulnar joint

Front 281

Gomphosis

Back 281

"peg in socket" fibrous joint

found between the roots of the teeth and the bony socket in the maxilla and mandible by an intervening ligament - periodontal ligament

Front 282

Synchondroses

Back 282

solid cartilaginous joint in which the bones are linked together by hyaline cartilage

e.g. growth plate of long bones that ossify before puberty

joint between first rib and sternum (immovable)

Front 283

Symphyses

Back 283

joints in which a fribrocartilage disc connects the bones

e.g. the pubic symphysis or intervertebral disc (sandwiched between hyaline cartilage)

Front 284

Synovial joints

Back 284

joint with a cavity between the bones, bones are held together by means of a fibrous capsule

diarthrosis

Front 285

Joint capsule

Back 285

basic feature of synovial joint, a fibrous sleeve-like structure that completely invests the joint and is supported by ligaments

Front 286

Joint (articular) cavity

Back 286

basic feature of synovial joint, a space enclosed by the joint fibrous capsule

Front 287

Synovial membrane

Back 287

specialized layer of connective tissue that lines the internal joint surfaces except the articular surfaces of the bone

secretes synovial fluid

Front 288

Synovial cavity

Back 288

the space enclosed by synovial membrane

Front 289

Synovial fluid

Back 289

watery fluid secreted by the synovial membrane contained within the synovial cavity

nourishes articular cartilage but also lubricates and facilitates the joint movement

Front 290

Articular cartilage

Back 290

thin layer of hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage that covers the articular surfaces of the bones

Front 291

Nonaxial joint

Back 291

type of synovial joint

plane (planar or gliding) joint in which the articular surfaces are almost flat

performs sliding or gliding movements in different directions

does not move in any particular plane

e.g. intercarpal joints

Front 292

Uniaxial (monoaxial) joints

Back 292

type of synovial joint

hinge or pivot joints

moves in a single plane

Front 293

Hinge joint

Back 293

synovial joint

convex pulley shaped articular surface meets a concave articular surface

specifically designed to perform flexion and extension movements

uniaxial

e.g. elbow joint

Front 294

Pivot joint

Back 294

synovial joint

round articular surface fits a relatively shallow concave articular surface

designed for rotational movements

uniaxial

e.g. proximal radioulnar joint

Front 295

Biaxial joints

Back 295

type of synovial joint

move in two planes

ellipsoid/condyloid or saddle joints

Front 296

Ellipsoid/condyloid joints

Back 296

oval convex articular surface of one bone meets the oval concave articular surface of anothe rbone

allow for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction

biaxial

e.g. metacarpophlangeal joints

Front 297

Saddle joints

Back 297

articualr surface of both bones resemble a saddle

allow for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction

biaxial

e.g. first carpometacarpal joint

Front 298

Multiaxial joints

Back 298

allow for movement in multiple planes

ball and socket joint

spherical articular surface of one bone fits with the cup-shaped articualr surface of the other bone

permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotations and circumduction

e.g. shoulder joint

Front 299

Structures associated with synovial joints

Back 299

ligaments

bursae

menisci

labrums

intra-articular discs

Front 300

Ligaments

Back 300

thick bands of dense connective tissue that join the bones to each other

extrinsic ligaments - separate

intrinsic ligaments - thickened part of the fibrous capsule

Front 301

Bursae

Back 301

small sacs of connective tissue separating the moving structures around the joints (between skin and joint or muscle and joint)

lined by a synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid

Front 302

Meninsci

Back 302

incomplete fibrocartilage rings attached to articular surface of tibia to increase the joint congruency

Front 303

Labrums

Back 303

fibrocartilage rings attached to the circumference of the glenoid cavity and acetabulum to enhance their depth

Front 304

Intra-articular discs

Back 304

cushions of fibrocartilage found within the joints to absorb shocks and/or increase the congruency

Front 305

Joints of the vertebral column

Back 305

vertebrae articulate with each other at three points

two zygopophyseal (facet) joints on superior/inferior surfaces

symphysis joints between vertebral bodies via the intervertebral disc

Front 306

Intervertebral disc

Back 306

forms symphysis joint between bodies of vertebrae

nucleus pulposus in the center, surrounded by layers of annulus fibrosis

Front 307

Nucleus pulposus

Back 307

gelatinous substance centrally located in the intervertebral disc

Front 308

Annulus fibrosus

Back 308

concentric layers of dense connective tissue in the intervertebral disc that surround inner gelatinous layer

Front 309

Atlanto-axial joint

Back 309

joint between anterior arch of atlas (CI) and odontoid process of axis (CII)

synovial pivot joint

Front 310

Atlanto-occipital joints

Back 310

joints between atlas (CI) and condyles of occipital bone

synovial condyloid joint

Front 311

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Back 311

stretches along anterior surfaces of vertebral bodies

Front 312

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Back 312

stretches along the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies

Front 313

Flava ligaments

Back 313

join the laminae of the adjacent vertebra to each other

Front 314

Interspinous ligaments

Back 314

stretch between the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

Front 315

Supraspinous ligament

Back 315

joins the tips of the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

Front 316

Nuchal ligament

Back 316

proximal extension of the supraspinous ligament in the neck region

fans out in sagittal plane to attach to occipital bone

Front 317

Costovertebral joints

Back 317

head of a typical rib articulates with the vertebral bodies of the thoracic vertebra

tubercle of a typical rib articulates with the costal facet on the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae

synovial planar type joint

Front 318

Sternocostal joints

Back 318

anterior end of the first seven pairs of ribs articualte with the sternum via their costal cartilages

the next three pairs of ribs articulate with the sternum via the costal cartilage of the seventh rib

synovial planar type joint (except first pair - synchondroses)

Front 319

Manubriosternal joint

Back 319

symphysis type joint between manubrium and body of the sternum

often become ossified with age

Front 320

Xiphisternal joint

Back 320

formed between the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process

symphysis joint

often become ossified with age

Front 321

Sternoclavicular joint

Back 321

synovial saddle joint between the medial end of the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum

has articular disc (fibrocartilage disc that separates articular surfaces of joint)

anchors upper limb to axial skeleton

Front 322

Sacroiliac joints

Back 322

formed between auricular surfaces of the sacrum and hip bones

synovial planar type joints

often become fibrous with age

Front 323

Anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments

Back 323

support the sacroiliac joints

transfer body weight to the lower limbs

Front 324

Pubic symphysis

Back 324

symphysis type joint between pubic parts of the right and left hip bones

Front 325

Sacrotuberous ligament

Back 325

stretched between the sacrum and ischial tuberosity oh the hip bone

Front 326

Sacrospinous ligament

Back 326

connects the sacrum to the ischial spine of the hip bone

Front 327

Greater and lesser sciatic foramen

Back 327

spaces between the ligaments of the pelvis

greater - superior between the anterior sacroiliac ligament and the sacrotuberous/sacrospinous ligament

lesser - inferior between the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligament

Front 328

Temporomandibular joint

Back 328

mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone to form a condyloid synovial joint

articular disc divides teh articular cavity into two separate compartments

Front 329

Acromioclavicular joint

Back 329

planar synovial joint that forms between the lateral (acromial) end of the clavicle and the acromion of the scapula

Front 330

Coracoclavicular ligament

Back 330

ligament that supports the acromioclavicular joint

Front 331

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

Back 331

ball and socket synovial joint that forms between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula

Front 332

Labrum glenoid

Back 332

fibrocartilage ring that surrounds the glenoid cavity of the scapula

deepends the cavity for a better congruency with the head of the humerus

Front 333

Glenohumeral ligaments

Back 333

supportes the glenohumeral joint

thickened parts of the joint capsule

Front 334

Elbow joint complex

Back 334

composed of three joints:

humero-ulnar joint, humero-radial joint, proximal radio-ulnar joint

all invested by the same fibrous capsule

Front 335

Humero-ulnar joint

Back 335

synovial hinge joint formed between the trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna

Front 336

Humero-radial joint

Back 336

this joint is of synovial condyloid type formed between capitulum of humerus and superior surface of the head of radiua

Front 337

Proximal radio-ulnar joint

Back 337

synovial pivot joint formed between the circumference of the head of radius and the radial notch of ulna

considered an individual joint

Front 338

Ulnar collateral ligament

Back 338

thickening of elbow joint capsule on the medial side to support the elbow joint

Front 339

Radial collateral ligament

Back 339

thickening of elbow joint capsule on the lateral side to support the elbow joint

Front 340

Annular ligament

Back 340

holds head of radius against the radial notch of ulna

Front 341

Middle radioulnar joint

Back 341

fibrous syndesmosis joint

interosseous mebrane connects the interosseous borders of the ulna and radia

Front 342

Distal (inferior) radioulnar joint

Back 342

synovial pivot joint between the head of ulna and the ulnar notch of radius

shares capsule with wrist joint

joint cavity is separated from wrist by articular disc

Front 343

Radioulnar joints

Back 343

three (proximal, middle, distal)

involved in supination and pronation movements of the forearm

Front 344

Wrist joint complex

Back 344

three components enveloped by the same fibrous capsule

radio-carpal joint, midcarpal joint, intercarpal joint

the first two are the true wrist joint

Front 345

Radio-carpal joint

Back 345

synovial ellipsoid joint between the distal end of the radius and the proximal row of the carpal bones (except pisiform)

Front 346

Ligaments supporting the radio-carpal joint

Back 346

medial (ulnar) collateral ligament

lateral (radial) collateral ligament

palmar and dorsal ulno-carpal ligament

palmar and dorsal radio-carpal ligaments

Front 347

Midcarpal joints

Back 347

series of small synovial planar joints formed between the proximal and distal carpal bones

Front 348

Intercarpal joints

Back 348

group of small synovial planar joints between the proximal or distal carpal bones

Front 349

Carpometacarpal joints

Back 349

the first is a synovial saddle joint between the trapezium and the proximal end of the first metacarpal bone

the rest are synovial planar joints between the rest of the distal carpal bones and the proximal end of the medial four metacarpal bones

Front 350

Metacarpophalangeal joints

Back 350

synovial condyloid joints between the distal end of metacarpal bones and the proximal end of proximal phalanges

Front 351

Interphalangeal joints

Back 351

synovial hinge joints between the phalanges

proximal and distal joints between the three phalanges

Front 352

Hip joint

Back 352

ball and socket synovial joint formed between the head of femur and the acetabulum of hip bone

Front 353

Labrum acetabulum

Back 353

fibrocartilage ring that attaches to the rim of acetabulum to deepen the cavity for better congruency with the head of femur

Front 354

Round ligament of the head of the femur

Back 354

relatively flat intracapsular ligament that assists the stability of the hip joint

Front 355

Ligaments that support the hip joint

Back 355

thickened parts of the joint capsule

iliofemoral

pubofemoral

ischiofemoral

Front 356

Knee joint

Back 356

complex joint composted of two components

Front 357

Medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints

Back 357

synovial condyloid joint between the femoral condyles and the superior surface of the tibial condyles

Front 358

Patellofemoral joint

Back 358

synovial planar joint between the patella surface of the femur and the posterior surface of the patella

Front 359

Medial and lateral menisci

Back 359

pair of crescent shape fibrocartilage pads that lie between the femoral condyles and tibial plates

act as shock absorbers but also improve congruency between articular surfaces

Front 360

Tibial and fibular collateral ligaments

Back 360

thickenings of the joint capsule

provides side to side stability

Front 361

Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

Back 361

intracapsular ligaments that provide antero-posterior stability

Front 362

Proximal (superior) tibiofibular joint

Back 362

synovial planar joint between the head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia

Front 363

Middle tibiofibular joint

Back 363

fibrous syndesmosis joint in which an interosseous membrane connects the interosseous borders of the tibia and fibula

Front 364

Distal (inferior) tibiofibular joint

Back 364

fibrous syndesmosis joint between the fibular notch of tibia and distal end of fibula

Front 365

Ankle (talocrural) joint

Back 365

synovial hinge joint formed between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula and the body of talus

Front 366

Medial (deltoid) and lateral ligaments

Back 366

provide stability for the ankle joint

Front 367

Intertarsal joint

Back 367

series of small synovial planar joints between tarsal bones

Front 368

Tarsometatarsal joints

Back 368

synovial planar joints formed between the distal group of tarsal bones and the proximal end of metatarsal bones

Front 369

Metatarsophalangeal joints

Back 369

synovial condyloid joints between distal end of metarsal bones and the proximal end of proximal phalanges

Front 370

Central nervous system

Back 370

includes the brain and spinal cord

Front 371

Gray matter

Back 371

composed of nerve cell bodies, bundles of unmyelinated nerve fibers and non-neuronal supportive cells (neuroglia)

forms an H-shaped inner core in the spinal cord

forms outer shell, cortex in the brain

Front 372

White matter

Back 372

consists of bundles of myelinated nerve fibers known as tracts

wraps around spinal cord

forms the center part of the brain

Front 373

Nucleus

Back 373

cluster of nerve cell bodies embedded within the CNS

Front 374

Ganglion

Back 374

aggregation of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

Front 375

Peripheral nervous system

Back 375

includes spinal and cranial nerves and associated ganglia

Front 376

Spinal cord

Back 376

terminal cord-like part of the CNS located in the vertebral canal

43 to 45 cm long occupying the upper two-thirds of the vertebral canal

starts from the medulla oblongata at the level of foramen magnum and ends at the level of LI-LII intervertebral disc

in newborn infants it extends as low as LIII

Front 377

Cervical enlargement

Back 377

enlargement of the spinal cord that gives rise to the nerves innervating the upper limbs

Front 378

Lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargement

Back 378

enlargement of the spinal cord that gives rise to the nerves innervating the lower limbs

Front 379

Conus medullaris

Back 379

the region of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement that tapers down

Front 380

Ventral (anterior) median fissure

Back 380

longitudinal groove on the surface of the spinal cord

ventral/motor rootlets emerge from either side of the groove to join to form the motor root of spinal nerves

Front 381

Dorsal (posterior) median sulvus

Back 381

longitudinal groove on the surface of the spinal cord

dorsal/sensory rootlets emerge from either side of the groove to join to form the sensory root of the spinal nerves

Front 382

Dorsal root ganglion

Back 382

a ganglion that associates with each dorsal root of the spinal cord

houses the cell bodies of sensory neurons

Front 383

Spinal nerve

Back 383

formed by the union of the ventral and dorsal roots

Front 384

Spinal cord segment

Back 384

section of the spinal cord that gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves, 31 segments total

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal

Front 385

Ventral (anterior) horn

Back 385

ventral part of the "H" shape, one horn on each side in the grey matter of the spinal cord

contain cell bodies of the motor neurons that their axons form the motor roots

Front 386

Dorsal (posterior) horn

Back 386

dorsal part of the "H" shape, one horn on each side in the grey matter of the spinal cord

contain cell bodies of the sensory neurons

Front 387

gray commissure

Back 387

narrow strip that connects the right and left halves of the gray matter

contains the central canal

Front 388

Lateral horn

Back 388

third horn between the dorsal and ventral horns visible in TI-L2 (carry cell bodies of sympathetic neurons) and S2-S4 (carry cell bodies of parasympathetic neurons)

Front 389

Ventral, lateral and dorsal columns (funiculi)

Back 389

columns of myelinated nerve fibers (tracts) in the white matter of the spinal cord (ascending and descending)

Front 390

Ascending (sensory) tract

Back 390

convey the messages from the periphery to the upper centers of the nervous system

e.g. dorsal (posterior) spinocerebellar tract, dorsal column (medial lemniscus tract and lateral spinothalamic tract)

Front 391

Descending (motor) tracts

Back 391

convey the messages from the upper centers of the nervous system to the periphery

e.g. lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts

Front 392

Major sensory tracts of the spinal cord

Back 392

relay sensory information from sensory receptors to the sensory areas of the brain

consist of three sets of neurons (except dorsal spinocerebellar tract)

Front 393

1st order neuron of sensory tract

Back 393

resides in dorsal root ganglion of spinal nerve

conducts impules from sensory receptors to the spinal cord or medulla oblongata

Front 394

2nd order neuron of sensory tract

Back 394

located either in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or within the medulla oblongata and relays impulses to the thalamus

Front 395

3rd order neuron of sensory tract

Back 395

resides in thalamus and conveys impulses to the general sensory area of the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex

Front 396

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract

Back 396

conducts impulses concerned with unconscious proprioception collected from the joints and muscles of the lower limb and trunk to the cerebellar cortex

1st order neuron in dorsal root ganglion synapses with 2nd order neurons from dorsal spinocerebellar tract that travels in the lateral column (funiculus) of the spinal cord

tract ascends through the medulla oblongata and ends to the ipsilateral cerebellar cortex after passing through the inferior cerebellar peduncle

Front 397

Dorsal column (medial lemniscus) tract

Back 397

conducts nerve impulses for conscious proprioception collected from joints and muscles except TMJ, and discriminative (fine) tough from the entire body (except most of the head) to the cerebral cortex

1st order neuron located in dorsal root ganglion, ascends in dorsal column and synapses with 2nd order neuron in the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus within the medulla oblongata

axon of 2nd order neuron decussates and ascend through the brainstem as the medial lemniscus which synapses with the third order neuron in the thalamus

3rd order neuron projects to sensory area of cerebral cortex for conscious sensation

Front 398

Lateral spinothalamic tract

Back 398

conveys impulses concerned with pain and temperature collected from the entire body (except head region)

1st order neuron of this tract is located in the dorsal root ganglion of the spinal nerve, synapses with 2nd order neuron in sht dorsal horn of the spinal cord

2nd order neuron decussates and ascends through the lateral column of the spinal cord and synapses with 3rd order neuron in the thalamus

projects information to cerebral cortex

Front 399

Major motor tracts of the spinal cord

Back 399

relay motor instruction from the frontal lobe or nuclei of the brainstem to the spinal cord

consist of two sets of neurons (upper and lower motor neurons)

Front 400

Pyramidal tracts

Back 400

motor tract of the spinal cord that conveys impulses for the control of skeletal muscles of the limbs and trunk and include the lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts

Front 401

Extrapyramidal tracts

Back 401

motor tract of the spinal cord that conduct signals that regulate body movements that are subconscious or postural in nature (rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal)

Front 402

Upper motor neurons

Back 402

reside in motor cortex of the cerebral hemispheres in pyramidal tracts

reside in brainstem and cerebellar in extrapyramidal tracts

Front 403

Lower motor neurons

Back 403

located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord

exit the spinal cord as ventral root of the spinal nerve and target skeletal muscles

Front 404

Lateral corticospinal tract

Back 404

pyramidal pathway

UMN in motor cortex of cerebrum, descend through brainstem

decussate at level of caudal medulla oblongata and continue in the lateral column of the spinal cord

synapse with LMNs of ipsilateral ventral horn

Front 405

Ventral corticospinal tract

Back 405

pyramidal pathway

UMN in motor cortex of cerebrum, descend through brainstem

travel down ventral column of spinal cord

decussate before synapsing with KMNs of contralateral ventral horn of the spinal cord

Front 406

Rubrospinal tract

Back 406

extrapyramidal pathway

UMNs reside in red nucleus of midbrain

decussate at level of midbrain then descend through the medulla oblongata and the lateral column of the spinal cord

synapse with LMNs of ispilateral ventral horn of the spinal cord

Front 407

Brainstem

Back 407

composed of medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain (inferior to superior)

acts as a passageway for all ascending and descending tracts between the cerebrum and spinal cord

contains nuclei of the cranial nerves III to XII

regulates the automatic behaviours required for survival such as respiration

Front 408

Ponto-medllary sulcus

Back 408

separates medulla superiorly from pons

Front 409

Pyramid

Back 409

anterior elevation on either side of the median anterior fissure on the medulla oblongata

Front 410

Olive

Back 410

smaller elevation lateral to the pyramid on the medulla

overlies the inferior olivary nucleus

Front 411

Medulla oblongata

Back 411

pyramidal in shape

cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII emerge from the anterolateral surface

superior is similar to brain (grey/white orientation) inferior similar to spinal cord

Front 412

Inferior olivary nucleus

Back 412

relay center for proprioceptive information to the cerebellum

in the medulla oblongata

Front 413

Nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus

Back 413

associated with medial lemniscus tract

in the medulla oblongata

Front 414

Pons

Back 414

anterior to cerebellum, superior to medulla and inferior to midbrain

anterior surface is convex

crianial nerve V on anterolateral surface of the pons

gray matter on the inside

Front 415

Basilar sulcus

Back 415

longitudinal groove on the anterior surface of the pons, occupied by basilar artery

Front 416

Pontine nucleu

Back 416

relay center for motor pathways between cerebrum and cerebellum that coordinates voluntary movements

in the pons

Front 417

Midbrain

Back 417

superior to the pons, inferior to the diencephelon

Front 418

Cerebral peduncles

Back 418

two columns in the anterior aspect of the midbrain

cranial nerve II emerges here

Front 419

Crus cerebri

Back 419

collective name for descending tracts such as corticospinal and corticobulbar tract that are contained in cerebral peduncles

Front 420

Superior and inferior colliculi

Back 420

four elevations on the posterior aspect of the midbrain

nuclei deep to these is the relay center for the visual and auditory reflexes

Front 421

Red nucleus

Back 421

major nuclei in the midbrain, involved in rubrospinal tract of extrapyramidal pathway

Front 422

Substantia nigra

Back 422

functionally linked to basal ganglia regulating voluntary movements

major nuclei in the midbrain

Front 423

Cerebellum

Back 423

contained within posterior cranial fossa underneath the tentorium cerebelli, behind the medulla and pons

coordinates voluntary movements and maintenance of posture and balance

Front 424

Cerebellar hemispheres

Back 424

two sides of the cerebellum

Front 425

Vermis

Back 425

worm like structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

Front 426

Superior cerebellar peduncles

Back 426

carry axons that connect the cerebellum tot he red nucleus of the midbrain and thalamus

Front 427

Middle cerebellar peduncles

Back 427

connect the pontine nucleu of the pons to the cerebellum

Front 428

Inferior cerebellar peduncles

Back 428

carry bundles of axons travelling between medulla and cerebellum such as spinocerebellar tracts

Front 429

Cerebellar cortex

Back 429

gray matter that surrounds white matter in which deep cerebellar nuclei are located

thrown into folds that appear as leaf-like ridges (folia)

Front 430

Diencephalon

Back 430

located between the cerebral hemispheres and midbrain

includes thalami and other structures surrounding the third ventricle (hypothalamus and epithalamus)

Front 431

Thalamus

Back 431

egg shaped structure consisting of a group of nuclei most of which are sensory

relays all senses (except smell) to certain sensory areas of the cerebral hemisphere

Front 432

Hypothalamus

Back 432

located inferior and medial to the thalamus and functions as the center of the autonomic nervous system controlling emotion, body temperature, eating, drinking etc.

regulates function of the major components of the endocrine system through the pituitary gland

Front 433

Epithalamus

Back 433

small region posterior and superior to the thalamus

mainly consists of pineal gland which regulates the circadian rhythm and distribution of pigment melanin in the skin

Front 434

Cerebrum

Back 434

consists of an outer cerebral cortex, internal white matter and nuclei deep within white matter

left and right cerebral hemispheres

contained within anterior and middle cranial fossae

Front 435

Longitudinal fissure

Back 435

separates two cerebral hemispheres

Front 436

Frontal lobe

Back 436

initiates motor impulses

Front 437

Parietal lobe

Back 437

receives general sensory stimuli

Front 438

Temporal lobe

Back 438

receive auditory impulses

Front 439

Occipital lobe

Back 439

receive visual impulses

Front 440

Gyri

Back 440

folds in the outer surface of the cerebrum

Front 441

Sulci

Back 441

grooves/furrow in the cerebrum

Front 442

Central sulcus

Back 442

separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Front 443

Lateral sulcus

Back 443

superior boundary of the temporal lobe and separates it from the frontal and parietal lobes

Front 444

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Back 444

separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

Front 445

Basal ganglia

Back 445

clusters of nuclei within the white matter

include caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus - coordinate motor function

Front 446

Association fibers

Back 446

join different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere

Front 447

Commissural fibers

Back 447

connect the different gyri of one hemisphere to the corresponding gyri of the other hemisphere

Front 448

Corpus callosum

Back 448

largest commissural fiber bundle located at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure

Front 449

Projectional fibers

Back 449

include the ascending and descending fibers connecting the cortex to the lower centers of the CNS

Front 450

Internal capsule

Back 450

thick band of white matter located between the caudate nucleus and putamen anteriorly

example of projectional fiber

Front 451

Cerebral ventricles

Back 451

lumen of neural tube in the brain

house specialised vascular plexus known as choroid plexus that secretes cerebrospinal fluid and circulates in all cerebral ventricles, central canal of spinal cord and subarachnoid space

Front 452

Central canal

Back 452

lumen in the spinal cord

Front 453

Choroid plexus

Back 453

vascular plexus in the cerbral canals that produces cerebrospinal fluid

Front 454

Lateral ventricles

Back 454

amorphous space in each cerebral hemisphere

Front 455

Interventricular foramen of Monro

Back 455

connects the third ventricle to each lateral ventricle

Front 456

Third ventricle

Back 456

irregular and narrow space located within the diencaphalon between the left and right thalami

Front 457

Cerebral aqueduct

Back 457

passes through the midbrain

connects the third and fourth ventricles

Front 458

Fourth ventricle

Back 458

diamond shaped space that is bounded by the pons and upper part of medulla anteriorly and cerebellum posteriorly

connected to spinal cord inferiorly

Front 459

Lateral apertures

Back 459

connects the third and forth ventricles (foramina of Luschka)

Front 460

Median aperture

Back 460

(foramen of Magendi) connects fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space

Front 461

Dura Mater

Back 461

thick layer of dense connective tissue that attaches to the inner surface of the neurocranium in the skull

ends at SII

in the skull composed of two layers (periosteal and meningeal)

Front 462

Epidural space

Back 462

space between the walls of the vertebral canal and the dura mater

Front 463

Dural reflections

Back 463

incomplete partitions to divide the cranial cavity into compartments, made of the meningeal layer of the dura mater

Front 464

Falx cerebri

Back 464

dural reflection, sagittal sickle shape reflection that occupies the longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum and partially separates the cerebral hemispheres

Front 465

Tentorium cerebelli

Back 465

dural reflection, tent-like horizontal sheet that intervenes between the cerebellum and occipital lobe of the cerebral hemispheres

notched anteriorly to provide passage for the midbrain

Front 466

Falx cerebelli

Back 466

less prominent vertical reflection of the dura in sagittal plane along the vermis that partially separates the cerebellar hemispheres

Front 467

Dural sinuses

Back 467

drain the venous blood of the brain to the circulatory system

Front 468

Arachnoid mater

Back 468

thin layer of loose connective tissue attached to the inner surface of the dura mater

Front 469

Subarachnoid space

Back 469

between arachnoid mater and pia mater, contains CSF

continuous around the spinal cord and ends at vertebra SII

Front 470

Lumbar cistern

Back 470

space between the end of the spinal cord (LI-LII) and vertebra SII where the subarachnoid space ends

contains roots of spinal nerves and CSF

Front 471

Arachnoid granulations (villi)

Back 471

small finger-like projections of the arachnoid mater mostly on the superior part of the brain

drain CSF into dural sinuses

Front 472

Pia mater

Back 472

delicate, thin layer of connective tissue that is intimately in touch with the surface of the brain and spinal cord

follow contours and carries blood vessels to the depth of the nervous tissue

Front 473

Denticulate ligaments

Back 473

lateral triangular extensions of pia mater ant anchor the spinal cord to the deep surface of the arachnoid and dura maters

Front 474

Filum terminale

Back 474

extension of the pia mater arising from the conus medullaris that extends inferiorly and fuses with arachnoid and dura maters to anchor spinal cord to the coccyx

Front 475

CNI

Back 475

olfactory nerve

passes through cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

Front 476

CNII

Back 476

optic nerve

passes through optic canal

Front 477

CNIII

Back 477

oculomotor nerve

signals five of the extra ocular muscles, ciliary muscle and sphincter pupil

passes through superior orbital fissure

Front 478

CNIV

Back 478

trochlear nerve

signals one of the extra ocular muscles

passes through superior orbital fissure

Front 479

CNV

Back 479

trigeminal nerve, three branches:

opthalamic, maxillary and mandibular division

Front 480

Opthalamic division

Back 480

relays sensory information from cornea, skin of anterior scalp, upper eyelids and nose

passes through superior orbital fissure

Front 481

Maxillary division

Back 481

relays sensory information from the skin of the face between lower eyelid and upper lip, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, upper teeth, palates

passes through foramen rotundum

Front 482

Mandibular division

Back 482

relays sensory and motor information from skin covering mandible and lateral scalp, lower teeth, oral cavity (except palates) and muscles of mastication

passes through foramen ovale

Front 483

CN VI

Back 483

abducent nerve

motor nerve that signals one of the extra ocular muscles

passes through superior orbital fissure

Front 484

CN VII

Back 484

facial nerve

relays sensory, motor and autonomic information, taste of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, msucles of facial expression, submandibula, sublingual and lacrimal glands

passes through the internal acoustic meatus

Front 485

CN VIII

Back 485

vestibulocochlear nerve

relays sensory information for hearing and balance

passes through internal acoustic meatus

Front 486

CN IX

Back 486

glossopharyngeal nerve

relays sensory, motor and autonomic information from taste and general sensation of the posterior one third of the tongue, stylopharyngeus muscle, general sensation of oropharynx, carotid sinus and carotid body

passes through jugular foramen

Front 487

CN X

Back 487

vagus nerve

relays sensory, motor, autonomic information from general sensation of larynx, laryngopharynx and trachea, pharyngeal muscles and parasympathetic innervation of lungs, heart and parts of the GI tract

passes through jugular foramen

Front 488

CN XI

Back 488

accessory nerve

relays motor information for sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

passes through jugular foramen

Front 489

CN XII

Back 489

hypoglossal nerve

relays motor information to the muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus)

passes through the hypoglossal canal