Microbiology Final Exam 6

Front 1

The Embden-MeyerhofPathway

Back 1

•occurs in cytoplasmic matrix of mostmicroorganisms, plants, and animals•the most common pathway for glucosedegradation to pyruvate in stage two of aerobic respiration•function in presence or absence of O2•two phases: addition of phosphates“primes the pump” oxidation step – generates NADH •High energy molecules – used tosynthesize ATP by substrate level phosphorylation -- net yield of 2 ATP

Front 2

The Entner-DuodoroffPathway

Back 2

•used by soil bacteria and a fewgram-negative bacteria •replaces the first phase of the Embden-Meyerhofpathway•Not used by eucaryotes•Loweryield •Justknow preformed by certain soil bacteria because they are able to use alternatecarbon sources because theres not a lot of glucose in soil•Givesan advatange because they can use differentsources •Yield per glucose molecule: 1 ATP, 2NADPH, 1 NADH •NADPH – diff e- carrier, similar to NADH,doesn’t go to ETC but is the electron carrier of choice for anabolic reactions

Front 3

purpose of pentose phosphate

Back 3

does not make ATP, loads up NADPH, makes it specifically produced inbiosynthesis, amphibole pathway, can operate aerobically or anaerobically

Front 4

TCA cycle

Back 4

carbon skeletons intermediates, tons and tons of electroncarriers, electron transport chain

Front 5

chemiosmotitic theory

Back 5

generating proton motive force used for af ew different things - flagellar rotation, make ATP, result of ETC

Front 6

basic idea of fermentation

Back 6

substrate level phosphorylation, incomplete oxidation, rearranging substrates

Front 7

ETC and Oxidative phosphorylation

Back 7

•only 4 ATP molecules synthesized directlyfrom oxidation of glucose to CO2•most ATP made when NADH and FADH2 (formed as glucose degraded) areoxidized in electron transport chain (ETC)

Front 8

oxidative phosphorylation

Back 8

•processby which ATP is synthesized as the result of electron transport driven by theoxidation of a chemical energy source

Front 9

substrate level phosphorylation

Back 9

thesynthesis of energy rich phosphate bonds (ATP) through reactions of inorganicphosphate with an “activated” organic substrate

Front 10

anaerobic respiration

Back 10

use something besides oxygen (sulfate, nitrate, different metals, iron, fumerate)

Front 11

C1 compounds in biosynthesis

Back 11

carbon dioxide, methane, methanol, methyl amine

Front 12

fixation of Co2 by autotrophs

Back 12

CO2 assimilation, autotrophs use CO2 as primary or sole carbon source, calvin cycle, reductive TCA cycle, acetyl-CoA pathway

Front 13

chemolithotrophy

Back 13

electrons released from energy source which is an inorganic molecule, ATP synthesized by oxidative phosphorylation

Front 14

major groups of chemolithotrophs

Back 14

have ecological importance, several bacteria and archaea oxidize hydrogen, sulfur-oxidizing microbes )hydrogen sulfide, sulfure, thiosulfate nitrifying bacteria - oxidize ammonia to nitrate, iron oxidizers

Front 15

ammonia oxidizers

Back 15

requires 2 different genera, oxidize ammonia to nitrate NH4+ --> NO2 --> NO3

Front 16

sulfur oxidizers

Back 16

ATP can be synthesized by both oxidative phosphorylation and substrate level phosphorylation

Front 17

calvin cycle

Back 17

used by most autotrophs to fix CO2, also called the reductive pentose phosphate cycle