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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an Organic molecule?
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Containing both carbon and hydrogen
CH4, C6H12O6 |
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What is an inorganice molecule?
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Not containing both carbon and hydrogen (could have one or the other or neither but NOT both)
NaCl, H2O, CO2 |
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What are the 4 major organice macromolecules?
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Protein
Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Lipids |
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What is the Structure of Protein?
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Long complex chains of amino acids (20 kinds)
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What is the function of a Protein?
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Structure, transport, enzyme, receptor, exotoxins "communication" (hormone, storage)
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What is the structure of a Nucleic Acid?
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long chains of nucleotides (5 kinds)
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What is the function of Nucleic Acids?
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DNA- is genetic material that makes up the chromosome
RNA-Functions in the construction of proteins from the "instructions"present in the code of the DNA |
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What is the structure of Carbohydrates?
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Simple sugars etiher alone or inkes together into complex molecules (polysaccharides)
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What is the fuction of Carbohyrdates?
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Vital function as energy for cells
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What is the structure of Lipids?
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Varied group of compounds sharing the characteristics of dissolving in organic (nonpolar) solvents (alcohol, acetone, benzene) BUT in water
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What is the structure of simple Lipids?
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Simple lipids serve as an energy source made up of glycerol and up to three long chain fatty acids
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What is the structure of complex lipids?
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(waxes, phospholipids, steroids) have other elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur as part of the structure or have a complz carbon ring structure, ,ay be comprise components of the cell membrane in most microbes
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What type of chemical reaction by which marcomolecules are created by putting together smaller molecules?
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Dehydration Synthesis
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Which 2 macromolecules, if altered, could seriously harm an organism?
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Protein
Nucleic Acids |
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What is the Basic structure of an amino acid?
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amino H- R side group -O
N-C--C--- acid H- -OH Carboxyl Gr |
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What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
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Primary-amino acis seuence
Secondary structue-regional folding of section sof the proteins teritary structure-overall folding of the protein quaternary structure-Iconic bonding |
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What is the general formula of a carbohyrdate?
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(CH2O)n
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Describe what happens during the denaturation process.
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Loses its structure then it becomes denatured (unraveled)
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What is the structure and function of an Enzyme?
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Biological catalysts Are proteins highly specific for one specific chemical reaction, speed up reactions by bringing specifif substances into proer orientation so the reaction can take place rapidly, lover energy of activiation of a reaction
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What is substrate?
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the substance upon which an enzyme reacts
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What is the product?
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What the substrate is changed into (as a result of the enyzme-facilitates reaction)
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What factors influence enzyme fucntion?
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1.temperature
2. pH 3. Concentrations of the substrate 4. Enzyme inhibitors a. competitive inhibiotrs b, non competitive inhibitors |
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Describe the enzyme reaction (how the process proceeds)
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bio catalysts is an agent that speeds up a chemical reaction that brings about a chemical change while reaminaing unchaged themselves, speed up reactions by bringing specific substances into proper orientation so the reaction can take place rapidily
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What is non competitive inhibitors?
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bind to another site of the enzyme (allosteric site) causing a change in the shape at the active site, into which the substrate can no longer fit( reaction stops)
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What is competitive inhibitor
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directly bind to the active site of the enzyme, preventing the substrate from entering and being converted to product (reaction stops)
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What is a coenzyme?
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2nd part of the enzyme needed to activate the apoenyme, it is an organic molecule (often a vitamin)
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what is a cofactor?
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Inorganic molecule (a mineral)
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What is a holoenzyme?
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Both the apoenzyme and coenzyme
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what is exo enzyme?
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A class of enzyme that outside of the cell and works externally
ex digestive enzymes and enzymes of virulence |
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What is endo enzyme?
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a class of enzyme that remains inside of the cell and works internally
ex enzymes of cellular metabolism |
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what is constituitive enzyme?
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a class of enzymes that is always present necessary for life quantity independent of amount of substrate.
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what is regulated enzyme?
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a class of enzymes that is produced only as needed when substrates are present providing efficiency and adaptability
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What is the digestion reaction by which macromolecules are broken down into smaller molecules?
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hydrolysis
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What is autotrophism?
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uses inorganic carbon sources (CO2)
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What is heterotrophism?
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requirimg organic chemicals as carbon source
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What is photosynthetic autotroph ?
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energy source is from light reactions. utilize photosynthetic pigments to trap light, light energy is converted to chemical energy (ATP)
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What is chemosynthetic autotroph?
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energy source is the breakdown of inorganic chemicals
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What is photosynthetic heterotroph?
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energy source is from light reactions; rare mode
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What is chemosynthetic heterotroph?
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energy source is from the breakdown of organic chemicals
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What is holotrophism?
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Ingesting other organisms
(most animals) |
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What is parasitism?
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gradually drawing nutrients from a living host organism
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What is saprohytism?
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digesting dead organisms or decaying matter
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What is metabolism?
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Processes which utilize chemical reactions that result in energy production and use anabolism and catabolism
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What is Catabolism?
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the type od reactions that deconstruct molecules; large macromolecules are c
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What is anabolism?
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the type of reactions that synthesize molecules; small molecules are put together to make larger, macromolecules; net energy input is required
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Which process uses energy and which provides energy?
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Anabolism uses energy.
Catabolism provides energy. |
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Explain why catabolic and anabolic reactions are coupled.
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they are coupled beacause catabolic reactions provide the enerygy to manufacture the ATP (cellular energy) to run anabolic reactions.
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What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
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direct transfer of phosphate group (pi) from a phosphate-containing substrate
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What is oxidative phosphorylation?
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electrons harvested from organic compounds (like glucose) are passed through a series of reactions ( involving electron carriers) to inorganic molecules (O2 and others)
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What is photophosphorylation?
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pigments of photosynthetic cells trap light energy and convert it to chemical energy
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Carbohydrate catabolism: Characterize respiration Anaerobic.
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involves some of the steps of the Kreb;s cycle and the ETC, final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than oxygen
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Carbohydrate catabolism: Characterize respiration
Aerobic. |
involves all steps of the Krebs cycle and ETC
final electron acceptor is oxygen final products are carbon dioxide, water and lots of ATP |
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Characterize Fermentation.
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anaerobic breakdown of glucose or other organic molecules into various end-products (organic and/or inorganic) and a small amount of energy
does not require O2 does not require use of krebs cycle or ETC uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor |
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What is Catabolism?
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the type od reactions that deconstruct molecules; large macromolecules are c
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What is anabolism?
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the type of reactions that synthesize molecules; small molecules are put together to make larger, macromolecules; net energy input is required
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Which process uses energy and which provides energy?
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Anabolism uses energy.
Catabolism provides energy. |
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Explain why catabolic and anabolic reactions are coupled.
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they are coupled beacause catabolic reactions provide the enerygy to manufacture the ATP (cellular energy) to run anabolic reactions.
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What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
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direct transfer of phosphate group (pi) from a phosphate-containing substrate
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What is oxidative phosphorylation?
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electrons harvested from organic compounds (like glucose) are passed through a series of reactions ( involving electron carriers) to inorganic molecules (O2 and others)
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What is photophosphorylation?
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pigments of photosynthetic cells trap light energy and convert it to chemical energy
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Carbohydrate catabolism: Characterize respiration Anaerobic.
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involves some of the steps of the Kreb;s cycle and the ETC, final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than oxygen
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Carbohydrate catabolism: Characterize respiration
Aerobic. |
involves all steps of the Krebs cycle and ETC
final electron acceptor is oxygen final products are carbon dioxide, water and lots of ATP |
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Characterize Fermentation.
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anaerobic breakdown of glucose or other organic molecules into various end-products (organic and/or inorganic) and a small amount of energy
does not require O2 does not require use of krebs cycle or ETC uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor |
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Which process produces the most ATP?
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Aerobic Respiration
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What is ATP?
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Adenosine triphosphate:
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What is the function of ATP?
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energy molecule that is used by cells to power their activities and which is manufactured by the catabolism of foodstuff
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How is glucose broken down in respiration?
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glucose is broken down more completely
(more energy is extracted) |
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How is glucose broken down in fermentation?
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glucose is only very partially broken down
(some energy is extracted) |
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How does the fermentation test work?
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test tube with medium containing protein, one type of carbohydrate, a pH indicator and Durham tube
Acid-yellow in durham tube: Gas_ + no color change, acid/gas- yellow color change |
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What are the 5 classifications of organisms by oxygen use?
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obligate aerobe
microaerophile facilitative anaerobe aerotolerant anaerobe obligate ananerobe |
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What is obligate aerobe?
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(strictly aerobic)= must have oxygen to grow (go dormant or die without oxygen)
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What is microaerophile?
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grow best at low oxygen levels (less than atmospheric levels)
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What is facilitative anaerobes?
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use oxygen if its available, but can grow without it (anaerobic), or at any oxygen level
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What is aerotolerant anaerobes?
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never use oxygen, but not inhibited by it
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What is obligate anaerobes?
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grow only in the absence of oxygen (inhibited by oxygen)
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What are the ways of growing anaerobes?
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Reducing media
devices that exclude oxygen: a. candle jars b. anaerobic jars c. "bio-bags" |
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Where do anaerobes reside in the human body?
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Normal flora on skin, mucous membrane surfaces of nasopharynx, oropharynx, mouth, and GI tract, as well as orifices of external genitalia, urethra and vagina.
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Do most araerobes cause infections come from microbes inhabiting the body or from microbes that live outside the body?
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Pathogenic anaerobes are part of the normal flora and opportunistc. this means that most anaerobi-caused infections are from endogenous sources. These infections are commonly assoiciated with abscesses of any organ. Exogenous sources are foodborne, from wounds and infected animal bites, and septic abortions.
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Growth of microbes at different temperature: Minimum growth temperature:
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lowest temp at which growth will occur ( very slow growth at this temperature) below the minimun, most microorganism go dormant, but do not die
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Growth of Microbes at different temps: optimum growth temperature:
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temp at which most rapid growth occurs
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Growth of microbes at different temps: Maximum growth temp
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temp at which growth occurs above this temp, enzymes are denatured and death might occur
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What is psychrophiles?
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cold loving organisms, have optimum growth temps of <15 C
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What is psychrotrophs?
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optimum growth temps from 20-25 C
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What is mesophiles
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optimim growth temps from 20-40C
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What is thermophiles
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heat loving organisms; optimum growth temps at >45-80C
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What is hyperthermophiles
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optimum growth temps at > 80.
(80-120C) |
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What is pH?
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Acidphiles
neutrophiles alkaliphiles |
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How does pH affect growth?
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every organism has its minimum, optimum, and maximum pH at which growth occurs
Microorganisms often change pH of their environment by creating acidic conditions (from metabolic processes) |
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What is batch cultures?
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nutrients are not renewed and wastes are not removed; ex broth tubes, agai slatns, agar plates
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What are the two ways of growing microbes
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batch cultures
continuous culture systems |
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What is continuous culture systems?
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nutrients are renewed and wastes are removed; requires special dynamic growing chamber
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What is Bacterial binary fission?
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less complex than mitosis ( only involves duplicating one "chromosome"
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Population grow curve:
lag phase |
slow phase metalbolic
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Population growth curve:
Exponential growth phase or log phase |
rapid rise of population
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Population growth curve:
Stationary phase |
reproductive rate equals death rate
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population growth curve:
death phase |
rapif decline survivor phase a few cells remain
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