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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What two categories can microbial metabolism be broken into? |
-anabolism -catabolism
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Describe anabolism |
-anabolic pathways in which large molecules are synthesized into energy -so synthesizes molecules and uses energy -endergonic |
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Describe catabolism |
-catabolic pathways -break larger molecules into smaller products -breaks down molecules and releases energy -exergonic |
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What exactly are enzymes? |
-are organic catalysts -increase likelihood of a reaction but are not permanently changed in the process -usually end with suffix "-ase" |
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How do enzymes catalyze reactions within cells? |
lower the activation energy |
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What is activation energy? |
the amount of energy needed to trigger a chemical reaction |
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What effects the rate of enzymatic reactions? |
-temp -pH -Enzyme and substrate concentrations -presence of inhibitors |
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Describe the role of substrates and enzymatic reactions? |
substrates fit into the specifically shaped active sites of the enzymes that catalyze their reactions |
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How can enzymes/proteins be denatured? |
-may be denatured by physical and chemical factors s.a. heat or pH. -usually permanent |
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Describe what denaturization does to proteins/enzymes? |
-covalent bonds break -lose 3D qualities -no longer functional - |
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Changing pH is beneficial in denaturing in that? |
it provides a way to control the growth of unwanted microorganisms by denaturing their proteins |
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Many organisms oxidize __________ as their primary energy source for anabolic reactions. |
carbohydrates |
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What is the most important carbohydrate used in anabolic reactions? |
Glucose |
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What is glycolysis? |
a process that catabolizes a single molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyretic acid and results in small amnt of ATP production.
-the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
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Glucose is catabolized by what two processes? |
-Cell respiration -Fermentation |
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Define cellular respiration? |
-is what cells do to break up sugars into a form that the cell can use as energy. -takes in food and uses it to create ATP, a chemical which the cell uses for energy. |
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What is fermentation? |
-partial oxidation of sugar to release energy using an organic molecule w/in the cell as the final electron acceptor
-Metabolic reactions that oxidize NADH and NAD+ while reducing cellular organic molecules |
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What is a benefit of fermentation? |
allows ATP production to continue in the absence of cellular respiration |
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In comparing aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation, which two create the most potential molecules of ATP? |
Anaerobic (2-36) and Aerobic (38 in prokaryotes, 36 in eukaryotes) respiration (
-fermentation only creates 2 |
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Briefly describe anaerobic and aerobic respiration |
-aerobic - complete breakdown of substance to make food for cell using oxygen -anaerobic - a form of incomplete intracellular breakdown of sugar or other organic compounds in the absence of oxygen that releases energy |
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Describe lipid and proteins in catabolism |
-they contain energy in their chemical bonds -can be converted into precursor metabolites -serve as substrates in glycolysis and krebs cycle
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What does it mean when a cell is in starvation condition? |
means they do not have enough sugar to function or to make ATP or food to remain active |
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Describe photosynthesis |
-the capturing of light energy from the sun to use it to drive the synthesis of carbs from CO2 and H2O
AKA the conversion of light from the sun into energy |
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How do these photosynthetic organisms capture light energy? |
Through chlorophylls |
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What is a light-dependent reaction? |
reaction of photosynthesis requiring light - these redox reactions are used to store energy in the form of ATP and NADPH |
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Cells regulate metabolism by control of what two things? |
-control of gene expression -control of metabolic expression |
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Describe how the control of gene expression works? |
cells control amount and timing of protein (enzyme) production |
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Describe how the control of metabolic expression works? |
-cells control activity of proteins (enzymes) once produced |
