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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Air is drawn in through the _______, and through the _______, where it is warmed and humidified. It is filtered by nasal hairs called _______ and mucous membranes. It then enters the ________, followed by the ________. It divides into two mainstem _______, which divide into _______, which divide into continually smaller passages until reaching the ________. |
pharynx vibrissae larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles |
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_______ are small sacs that interface with the pulmonary capillaries, allowing gases to diffuse across a one-cell thick membrane. |
alveoli |
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________ in the alveoli reduces surface tension at the liquid-gas interface, preventing collapse. |
surfactant |
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The ______ cover the lungs and line the chest wall. The _______ lies adjacent to the lung itself. The _______ lines the chest wall. The _______ lies between these two layers and contains a thin layer of fluid, which lubricates the two pleural surfaces. |
pleurae visceral pleura parietal pleura intrapleural space |
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The ________ is a thin skeletal muscle that helps to create the pressure differential required for breathing. |
diaphragm |
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Inhalation is an ________ process. The _______ expand the thoracic cavity, increasing the volume of the ________. This decreases the ________ pressure. This pressure differential ultimately expands the lungs, dropping their pressure and drawing in air from the environment. This mechanism is termed ________. |
active diaphragm and external intercostal muscles intrapleural space intrapleural negative-pressure breathing |
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Exhalation is an ________ process. In ________, relaxation of the muscles of inspiration and elastic recoil of the lungs allow the chest cavity to decrease in volume, reversing the pressure differentials seen in inhalation. In ________, the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles can be used to forcibly decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity, pushing out air. |
active or passive passive exhalation active exhalation |
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A _______ can be used to measure lung capacities and volumes. ________ is the maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely. ________ is the minimum volume of air in the lungs when one exhales completely. ________ is the difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs. ________ is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath. ________ is the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation. ________ is the volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation. |
spirometer total lung capacity (TLC) residual volume (RV) vital capacity (VC) tidal volume (TV) expiratory reserve volume (ERV) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
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Ventilation is regulated by the ________, a collection of neurons in the ________. _______ respond to carbon dioxide concentrations, increasing the respiratory rate when there are high concentrations of carbon dioxide in the blood, which is called ________. The ventilation center can also respond to low oxygen concentrations in the blood, which is called ________, by increasing ventilation rate. Ventilation can also be controlled consciously through the _______, although the _______ will override it during extended periods of hypoventillation or hyperventillation. |
ventilation center medulla oblongata chemoreceptors hypercarbia or hypercapnia hypoxia cerebellum medulla oblongata |
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________ is the movement of air into and out of the lungs whereas ________ is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
ventilation respiration |
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The lungs perform gas exchange with the blood through simple diffusion across concentration gradients. Deoxygenated blood with a high carbon dioxide concentration is brought to the lungs via ________. Oxygenated blood with a low carbon dioxide concentration leaves the lungs via the _______. |
pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins |
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The large surface area of interaction between the _______ and _______ allows the respiratory system to assist in thermoregulation through ________ of capillary beds. |
alveoli capillaries vasodilation vasoconstriction |
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The respiratory system must be protected from potential pathogens. Multiple mechanisms, including _______, help filter the incoming air and trap particulate matter. _______ in the nasal cavity and saliva attacks peptidoglycan cell walls of gram-positive bacteria. _______ can engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader. _______ are covered with IgA antibodies. _______ have antibodies on their surface that, when triggered, can promote the release of inflammatory chemicals. They are often involved in allergic reactions as well. |
vibrissae, mucous membranes and the mucociliary escalator lysozyme macrophages mucosal surfaces mast cells |
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The respiratory system is involved in pH control through the bicarbonate buffer system. When blood pH ________, respiration rate increases to compensate by blowing off carbon dioxide. This causes a left shift in the buffer equation, reducing hydrogen ion concentration. When blood pH _______, respiration rate decreases to compensate by trapping carbon dioxide. This causes a right shift in the buffer equation, increasing hydrogen ion concentration. |
decreases increases |
